Thermodynamic Model for Cold-Phase Influence on Light Vehicles’ Fuel Consumption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Hot-Phase Simulation and Experimental Mathematical Model Correlation
- Engine-specific fuel consumption mapped in dynamometer in steady-state conditions.
- Full-load engine curve.
- Engine idle speed.
- Fuel cut-off strategy.
- Torque demand as function of gas pedal position.
- Transmission efficiency maps.
- Dynamic torque converter curves.
- Torque converter lock-up according to transmission control unity (TCU) maps.
- Measured gear shifting.
- Measured vehicle speed profile.
- Engine mapping uncertainty.
- Vehicle production variability.
- Vehicle testing variability.
- Dynamic transient maneuvers.
- Engine torque reserve applied specifically in vehicle.
- Auxiliary load difference between dynamometer and vehicle (e.g., alternator).
2.2. Lubricant Temperature Effect
2.3. Catalyst Heating to Anticipate Light-Off
2.4. Engine Hardware Heating
3. Results and Discussions
4. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Engine fuel consumption increase from early exhaust valve opening | |
Engine fuel consumption impact factor from catalyst heating strategy | |
Additional friction torque of cold engine lubricant [Nm] | |
Engine global engine efficiency reduction as function of spark retardation [-] | |
Catalyst heating strategies [-] | |
Mass flow rate of fuel [kg/s] | |
Engine effective power [kW] | |
Engine friction power [kW] | |
Engine-indicated power [kW] | |
Global efficiency [-] | |
Mechanical efficiency [-] | |
Thermal efficiency [-] | |
Relative air–fuel ratio [-] | |
Kinematic viscosity [m2/s] | |
Effective torque [Nm] | |
Engine coolant outlet temperature [°C] | |
Engine coolant inlet temperature [°C] | |
Engine intake air temperature [°C] | |
Lubricant temperature [°C] | |
BSFC | Brake-specific fuel consumption [g/kWh] |
Cold | Cold phase; 1st phase of EPA75 test cycle |
E22 | Brazilian reference gasoline with 22% of anhydrous ethanol by volume |
FMEP | Friction mean effective pressure |
Hot | Hot phase; 3rd phase of EPA75 test cycle |
k | Constants of adjustment |
LHV | Lower heating value [MJ/kg] |
MBT | Maximum brake torque [Nm] |
n | Engine speed [rpm] |
T | Temperature [°C, K] |
TCU | Transmission control unity |
Vd | Engine volumetric displacement [m3] |
°ABDC | Crankshaft angle after bottom dead center [°] |
°BBDC | Crankshaft angle before bottom dead center [°] |
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1st Phase (Cold) | Increase in Fuel Consumption (%) | 3rd Phase (Hot) | |
---|---|---|---|
Measurement (bag) | 1.209 | - | 1.0 |
Hot simulation | 0.977 | - | 0.979 |
Hot simulation adjustment | 0.999 | - | 1.0 |
Lubricant temperature | 1.054 | 5.5 | - |
Catalyst ignition | 1.085 | 8.6 | - |
Catalyst evvt | 1.095 | 9.7 | - |
Engine hardware | 1.209 | 21.1 | - |
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Rovai, F.F.; Mady, C.E.K. Thermodynamic Model for Cold-Phase Influence on Light Vehicles’ Fuel Consumption. Energies 2024, 17, 4093. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164093
Rovai FF, Mady CEK. Thermodynamic Model for Cold-Phase Influence on Light Vehicles’ Fuel Consumption. Energies. 2024; 17(16):4093. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164093
Chicago/Turabian StyleRovai, Fernando Fusco, and Carlos Eduardo Keutenedjian Mady. 2024. "Thermodynamic Model for Cold-Phase Influence on Light Vehicles’ Fuel Consumption" Energies 17, no. 16: 4093. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164093