Applications of the Internet of Things in Renewable Power Systems: A Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Research Methodology and Purpose
1.3. Structure of This Paper
2. IoT Applications in Renewable Energy Integration and Management
2.1. Overview of Renewable Energy Technologies
2.2. Role of IoT in Renewable Energy Integration
2.3. IoT in Renewable Energy Management
3. IoT Applications in Smart Grids
3.1. Overview of Smart Grid Technologies
3.2. IoT Technologies in Smart Grids
3.3. Security and Privacy in Smart Grids
4. IoT Applications in Microgrid Technology
4.1. Overview of Microgrid Technologies
4.2. IoT in Microgrid
5. IoT Applications in Power System Protection and Control
5.1. Overview of Power System Protection Technologies
5.2. IoT in Power System Protection and Control
6. IoT Applications in Large-Scale Energy Storage Technology
6.1. Overview of Energy Storage Technologies
6.2. IoT Applications in Energy Storage Systems
6.3. Future Prospects of IoT in Energy Storage Systems
7. IoT Applications in Electric Vehicles
7.1. Current Status and Impact of IoT on Electric Vehicle Technology
7.2. Collaboration between IoT and Electric Vehicle Storage Systems
7.3. Challenges and Prospects of IoT in Electric Vehicle Integration
7.4. Future Directions and Research Opportunities
8. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region/Country | Solar Power | Wind Power | Biomass Energy |
---|---|---|---|
Bangladesh [19,20,21] | Focus on hybrid solar thermal power plants | Limited development in wind energy due to low wind speeds | Implementation of biomass-fueled power plants in rural areas |
India [22,23] | Emphasis on distributed solar PV generation in urban areas | Optimizing wind turbine performance for low-speed wind regions | Limited development but some utilization of agricultural residues |
Denmark and Germany [24] | Extensive deployment of both solar PV and solar thermal technologies | Lead in offshore wind technology for large-scale energy production | Use of biomass for heating and power generation, integrated into national energy strategies |
Sweden [25] | Adoption of solar PV in residential and commercial sectors | Moderate development in onshore wind farms | Well-established biomass energy systems integrated into national grids |
China [26] | Large-scale solar PV projects and solar thermal plants | Rapid expansion of both onshore and offshore wind farms | Utilization of agricultural residues and forestry waste, expanding biomass power plants |
United States [27] | Leading in solar PV installations, diverse applications across states | Extensive onshore wind farms, emerging offshore projects | Varied applications including biofuels, waste-to-energy plants |
Australia [28] | Significant investment in solar PV, solar thermal projects in development | High potential for wind energy, growing number of wind farms | Biomass energy from agricultural and forestry residues, waste management |
Singapore [29] | Widespread adoption of rooftop solar PV, limited space for large-scale solar farms | Minimal wind energy development due to geographic and space constraints | Exploration of waste-to-energy technologies, limited by small land area |
Technology | Description | Application Regions | Implementation Strategies |
---|---|---|---|
Smart Meters [10] | Digital devices that record real-time electricity consumption and communicate this information to both the consumer and the utility company. They support two-way communication, optimizing energy distribution and improving customer service. | USA, European countries | Widely adopted in developed countries with extensive infrastructure investments. Gradually increasing deployment in developing countries, focusing on urban areas first. |
Smart Distribution Systems [39] | Systems using automated controls, sensors, and advanced communication networks to manage and optimize electricity distribution. They detect and respond to faults, balance loads across the network, and integrate renewable energy sources. | Germany, Denmark | Countries with significant renewable energy resources adopt more advanced smart distribution systems to manage variable energy inputs. |
Demand Response [32] | Programs designed to adjust the demand for power instead of adjusting the supply, incentivizing consumers to reduce electricity usage during peak demand periods or shift to off-peak times. | USA, Australia | More prevalent in regions with deregulated electricity markets, where consumers have more flexibility and incentives to participate in DR programs. |
Real-Time Monitoring and Fault Detection | IoT-enabled sensors and devices provide the continuous monitoring of the grid’s performance, detecting faults in real-time and enabling swift corrective actions to prevent outages and maintain stability. | Global | Deployed in both developed and developing countries to enhance grid reliability. Utilizes IoT platforms for data collection and analysis. |
Automated Voltage and Frequency Control [46] | IoT devices aid in maintaining optimal voltage and frequency levels across the grid, automatically adjusting settings based on real-time data to ensure consistent power quality. | Japan, South Korea | Implemented in regions with advanced grid infrastructure to enhance power quality and stability. |
Energy Management Systems (EMSs) [45] | Comprehensive systems that utilize IoT to monitor, control, and optimize the generation, distribution, and consumption of electricity, integrating various energy sources and storage options. | USA, Germany, China | Widely implemented in industrial and commercial sectors, as well as in smart cities, to optimize energy use and reduce costs. |
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Integration [4] | The IoT facilitates the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) with the power grid, allowing EVs to discharge stored energy back into the grid, supporting grid stability and providing additional revenue streams for EV owners. | USA, Netherlands, Norway | Prominently adopted in countries with high EV penetration and supportive regulatory frameworks. Utilizes the IoT for communication and control between EVs and the grid. |
Type of Microgrid | Characteristics | Applications |
---|---|---|
Campus Microgrids [51] | Typically found in educational or institutional campuses Integrates various renewable energy sources (solar, wind) Often includes energy storage systems Designed for energy efficiency and sustainability | Provides reliable power for campus facilities Enhances sustainability by using renewable energy Reduces operational costs Can serve as a living lab for energy research and education |
Community Microgrids [52] | Serves residential communities or neighborhoods Integrates local renewable energy sources Includes energy storage and demand response capabilities Focuses on resilience and energy independence | Enhances energy security and resilience for the community Reduces dependency on the main grid Supports local renewable energy initiatives Can provide power during grid outages |
Industrial Microgrids [53] | Serves industrial facilities or complexes Integrates large-scale renewable energy sources Includes advanced energy management systems Focuses on reliability, cost savings, and sustainability | Ensures continuous power supply for critical industrial operations Reduces energy costs through optimization and self-generation Enhances sustainability by reducing carbon footprint Improves power quality and reliability for sensitive industrial processes |
Historical Period | Key Technologies and Features | Improvements and Innovations |
---|---|---|
Early 20th Century | Electromechanical Relays, Simple Circuit Breakers [56], Utilized mechanical movements to operate switches based on electromagnetic principles. | Basic fault detection Manual resetting and maintenance |
Mid-20th Century | Static Relays, Analog Control Systems: Used semiconductor devices, offering improved reliability and reduced maintenance needs [57]. | Improved reliability and speed Reduced maintenance needs |
Late 20th Century | Digital Relays, Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems [58], Microprocessor-based systems enabled advanced functionalities and better data processing capabilities. | Enhanced monitoring and control Integration of microprocessors |
Early 21st Century | Numerical Relays [59], Advanced SCADA and EMSs: Digital technology for high-speed fault detection and isolation with advanced algorithms | High-speed fault detection and isolation Real-time data acquisition and processing |
Present Day | IoT-enabled Devices Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) Comprehensive systems for real-time monitoring and enhanced grid stability [60]. | Comprehensive real-time monitoring Enhanced grid stability and resilience Predictive maintenance and advanced fault analysis |
Future Trends | AI and Machine Learning Blockchain for Protection and Control Autonomous Grid Management Systems Promise autonomous grid management and enhanced cybersecurity measures. | Self-healing grids Decentralized control and protection Enhanced cybersecurity and data integrity |
Energy Storage Technology | Performance Characteristics | Applications |
---|---|---|
Lithium-Ion Batteries [64] | High energy density Long cycle life Fast charging and discharging High efficiency (90–95%) | Electric vehicles Portable electronics Grid energy storage Renewable energy integration |
Lead-Acid Batteries [65] | Low cost High reliability Moderate energy density Shorter cycle life compared to lithium-ion | Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) Backup power for telecom Off-grid renewable energy systems |
Supercapacitors [66] | Very high power density Extremely fast charging and discharging Long cycle life Lower energy density compared to batteries | Regenerative braking systems in vehicles Power stabilization Short-term energy storage High-power applications |
Flow Batteries [67] | Scalable energy capacity Long cycle life Decoupled power and energy capacity Moderate efficiency (70–85%) | Large-scale grid storage Renewable energy integration Load leveling Peak shaving |
Nickel–Cadmium Batteries [68] | Robust and reliable Moderate energy density Tolerates deep discharges High self-discharge rate | Industrial applications Aviation Backup power Portable tools |
Solid-State Batteries [69] | High energy density Improved safety Long cycle life Still under development and high cost | Next-generation electric vehicles Portable electronics High-energy applications |
Flywheels [70] | High power density Very fast response time Long cycle life Low energy density | Frequency regulation Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) Grid stability Energy recovery systems |
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Jia, L.; Li, Z.; Hu, Z. Applications of the Internet of Things in Renewable Power Systems: A Survey. Energies 2024, 17, 4160. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164160
Jia L, Li Z, Hu Z. Applications of the Internet of Things in Renewable Power Systems: A Survey. Energies. 2024; 17(16):4160. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164160
Chicago/Turabian StyleJia, Laura, Zhe Li, and Zhijian Hu. 2024. "Applications of the Internet of Things in Renewable Power Systems: A Survey" Energies 17, no. 16: 4160. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164160