Foliage and Grass as Fuel Pellets–Small Scale Combustion of Washed and Mechanically Leached Biomass
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Material and Fuel Types
2.2. Mineral Leaching (florafuel Process) and Densification of the Biomass
2.3. Raw Material, Fuel, and Ash Characteristics
2.4. Combustion Technology and Emission Measurements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fuel Characteristics
3.2. Combustion
3.2.1. Legislative Background
3.2.2. Boiler (25 kWth) with Moving Grate
3.2.3. Boiler (49 kWth) with Water-Cooled Burner Tube and Electrostatic Precipitator
3.3. Bottom Ash and Ash Melting
3.3.1. Grate Temperature Profile
3.3.2. Ash Melting Characteristics
3.3.3. Bottom Ash Composition
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DM | dry matter |
DT | deformation temperature |
ESP | electrostatic precipitator |
FM | fresh matter |
FT | flow temperature |
FTIR | Fourier transformed infrared |
HT | hemisphere temperature |
LHV | lower heating value |
PCDD/F | polychlorinated dioxin/furan |
PM | particulate matter |
SST | shrinkage starting temperature |
STP | standard temperature and pressure |
THC | total hydrocarbon |
BImSchV | First Ordinance on the Implementation of the Federal Immission Control Act |
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Fuel Composition | Method | Grass (100%) | Foliage (100%) | Mixture (50/50) | Wood | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Unit | (DIN EN ISO) | Leached | ∆leached (in %) | Leached | ∆leached (in %) | Leached | Mean values (n = 4) |
LHV | DM MJ/kg | 18125 | 18.4 | +10 | 18.9 | +7 | 18.2 | 18.8 |
Ash | % DM | 18122 | 8.1 | −58 | 10.5 | −40 | 11.0 | 0.32 |
Water | % FM | 18134-1 | 14.6 | - | 16.2 | - | 13.9 | 6.2 |
Volatiles | % DM | 18123 | 75.1 | +19 | 72.1 | +8 | 71.8 | 84.9 |
C | % DM | 16948 | 48.0 | +7 | 51.3 | +7 | 49.1 | 51.4 |
H | % DM | 16948 | 5.8 | +6 | 6.0 | +19 | 5.3 | 6.3 |
N | % DM | 16948 | 1.4 | −29 | 0.8 | −7 | 1.3 | 0.2 |
S | % DM | 16994 | 0.10 | −55 | 0.06 | −42 | 0.13 | 0.007 |
Cl | % DM | 16994 | 0.02 | −94 | 0.01 | −94 | 0.02 | 0.004 |
Al | g/kg DM | 16967 | 0.70 | −82 | 0.50 | −76 | 1.32 | 0.05 |
Pb | g/kg DM | 16968 | 0.004 | −43 | - | - | - | 0.001 |
Ca | g/kg DM | 16967 | 15.1 | −42 | 31.6 | −16 | 26.4 | 1.0 |
Fe | g/kg DM | 16967 | 1.1 | −70 | 1.2 | −41 | 1.9 | 0.08 |
K | g/kg DM | 16967 | 3.26 | −84 | 1.47 | −77 | 2.48 | 0.5 |
Mg | g/kg DM | 16967 | 2.59 | −62 | 1.70 | −57 | 3.03 | 0.2 |
Na | g/kg DM | 16967 | 0.45 | −4 | - | - | 0.23 | 0.01 |
P | g/kg DM | 16967 | 2.03 | −68 | 0.60 | −73 | 1.50 | 0.09 |
Si | g/kg DM | 16967 | 3.33 | −89 | 11.7 | −55 | 14.6 | 0.64 |
Ti | g/kg DM | 16967 | 0.05 | −75 | 0.04 | −76 | 0.09 | 0.003 |
Zn | g/kg DM | 16968 | 0.09 | +30 | 0.05 | +53 | 0.11 | 0.01 |
Pellet characteristics | - | Grass | - | Foliage | - | Mixture | - | |
Bulk density | kg/m3 | 17828 | 600 | - | 659 | - | 628 | - |
Mechanical durability | % | 17831-1 | 98.7 | - | 97.7 | - | 98.7 | - |
Parameter | Unit | 1. BImSchV (#8 and #13 Fuels) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2015 | ||||
Operation | Type Testing | Operation | Type Testing | ||
CO | g/m3 | 1.0 | 0.25 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
NOx | g/m3 | - | 0.6 | - | 0.5 |
PM | g/m3 | 0.1 | - | 0.02 | - |
PCDD/F | ng/m3 | - | 0.1 | - | 0.1 |
Pellets | Ash Melting Behavior | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
SST (°C) | DT (°C) | HT (°C) | FT (°C) | |
Oxidizing | ||||
Grass (100%) | 1150 | 1180 | 1210 | 1220 |
Foliage (100%) | 950 | >1500 | >1500 | >1500 |
Mix (50/50) | 1160 | 1230 | 1280 | 1290 |
Inert | ||||
Grass (100%) | 760 | 1160 | 1200 | 1230 |
Foliage (100%) | 770 | >1500 | >1500 | >1500 |
Mix (50/50) | 950 | 1270 | 1290 | 1300 |
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Khalsa, J.H.A.; Döhling, F.; Berger, F. Foliage and Grass as Fuel Pellets–Small Scale Combustion of Washed and Mechanically Leached Biomass. Energies 2016, 9, 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9050361
Khalsa JHA, Döhling F, Berger F. Foliage and Grass as Fuel Pellets–Small Scale Combustion of Washed and Mechanically Leached Biomass. Energies. 2016; 9(5):361. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9050361
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhalsa, Jan Hari Arti, Frank Döhling, and Florian Berger. 2016. "Foliage and Grass as Fuel Pellets–Small Scale Combustion of Washed and Mechanically Leached Biomass" Energies 9, no. 5: 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9050361