A Sensitivity Analysis-Based Parameter Optimization Framework for 3D Printing of Continuous Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Setup and Data Validation
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.1.1. Raw Materials for 3D Printing
2.1.2. 3D Printing Process and Mechanical Property Test
2.2. Experimental Data Validation
2.2.1. Three-Sigma Rule
2.2.2. Box-Plot
3. Regression Analysis for a Surrogate Model of a Process Parameter–Mechanical Property Relationship
- Step 1: Randomly divide the experimental and the corresponding predicted data into k groups;
- Step 2: Leave one group of the data for the validation of the surrogate model accuracy, and train the surrogate model with the data of the remaining k − 1 groups;
- Step 3: Repeatedly perform Step 2 k times until each group of the data has been used for model validation. Choose the model with the minimum RSME as the final model. The final accuracy of the surrogate model is measured by the mean of all the RSME of the k-trained surrogate model.
4. Sensitivity Analysis of the Process Parameters
5. Optimization of the 3D Printing Parameters of CCF/EPCs
6. Results and Discussion
6.1. Experimental Data Validation
6.2. Construction of the SVR Surrogate Model
6.3. SVR Model-Based SA of the 3D Printing Parameters of CCF/EPCs
6.4. 3D Printing Parameter Optimization of CCF/EPCs
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Process Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Printing speed (mm·min−1) | 200~1400 |
Printing space (mm) | 1.0~1.4 |
Printing thickness (mm) | 0.25~0.45 |
Curing temperature (°C) | 150~190 |
Curing pressure (MPa) | −0.02~−0.1 |
# | Printing Speed (mm·min−1) | Printing Space (mm) | Printing Thickness (mm) | Curing Temperature (°C) | Curing Pressure (MPa) | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Flexural Modulus (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 200 | 1.0 | 0.25 | 150 | −0.02 | 660.8699 | 57.5127 |
2 | 200 | 1.1 | 0.30 | 160 | −0.04 | 717.4586 | 61.3590 |
3 | 200 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 170 | −0.06 | 801.9369 | 65.4731 |
4 | 200 | 1.3 | 0.40 | 180 | −0.08 | 767.1566 | 58.6598 |
5 | 200 | 1.4 | 0.45 | 190 | −0.10 | 666.3564 | 54.9489 |
6 | 500 | 1.1 | 0.25 | 170 | −0.08 | 861.6027 | 71.6292 |
7 | 500 | 1.2 | 0.30 | 180 | −0.10 | 712.3392 | 58.8811 |
8 | 500 | 1.3 | 0.35 | 190 | −0.02 | 695.9950 | 65.8205 |
9 | 500 | 1.4 | 0.40 | 150 | −0.04 | 740.2541 | 57.6429 |
10 | 500 | 1.0 | 0.45 | 160 | −0.06 | 842.4707 | 67.3847 |
11 | 800 | 1.2 | 0.25 | 190 | −0.04 | 616.9910 | 44.3187 |
12 | 800 | 1.3 | 0.30 | 150 | −0.06 | 636.2180 | 48.6564 |
13 | 800 | 1.4 | 0.35 | 160 | −0.08 | 792.8516 | 63.6566 |
14 | 800 | 1.0 | 0.40 | 170 | −0.10 | 697.4975 | 57.5773 |
15 | 800 | 1.1 | 0.45 | 180 | −0.02 | 674.6801 | 53.1469 |
16 | 1100 | 1.3 | 0.25 | 160 | −0.10 | 682.3967 | 51.4495 |
17 | 1100 | 1.4 | 0.30 | 170 | −0.02 | 636.5848 | 48.9007 |
18 | 1100 | 1.0 | 0.35 | 180 | −0.04 | 679.3136 | 50.8338 |
19 | 1100 | 1.1 | 0.40 | 190 | −0.06 | 783.9741 | 60.8011 |
20 | 1100 | 1.2 | 0.45 | 150 | −0.08 | 817.1150 | 66.3398 |
21 | 1400 | 1.4 | 0.25 | 180 | −0.06 | 778.9613 | 63.7432 |
22 | 1400 | 1.0 | 0.30 | 190 | −0.08 | 721.1591 | 57.8544 |
23 | 1400 | 1.1 | 0.35 | 150 | −0.10 | 702.9702 | 53.3820 |
24 | 1400 | 1.2 | 0.40 | 160 | −0.02 | 707.0509 | 53.7000 |
25 | 1400 | 1.3 | 0.45 | 170 | −0.04 | 745.8622 | 52.9382 |
26 | 200 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 150 | −0.10 | 765.1427 | 53.63408 |
27 | 500 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 150 | −0.10 | 736.4206 | 53.44402 |
28 | 800 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 150 | −0.10 | 746.3091 | 56.4504 |
29 | 1100 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 150 | −0.10 | 682.7215 | 51.20623 |
30 | 1400 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 150 | −0.10 | 634.1206 | 46.95916 |
31 | 800 | 1.2 | 0.25 | 150 | −0.10 | 612.8753 | 50.9161 |
32 | 800 | 1.2 | 0.30 | 150 | −0.10 | 715.8942 | 56.92083 |
33 | 800 | 1.2 | 0.40 | 150 | −0.10 | 737.8536 | 52.44632 |
34 | 800 | 1.2 | 0.45 | 150 | −0.10 | 742.5152 | 55.96409 |
35 | 800 | 1.0 | 0.35 | 150 | −0.10 | 661.6145 | 49.49135 |
36 | 800 | 1.1 | 0.35 | 150 | −0.10 | 683.9867 | 48.4565 |
37 | 800 | 1.3 | 0.35 | 150 | −0.10 | 745.0633 | 58.17614 |
38 | 800 | 1.4 | 0.35 | 150 | −0.10 | 821.5221 | 64.13514 |
39 | 800 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 150 | −0.08 | 826.4611 | 64.51862 |
40 | 800 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 150 | −0.06 | 800.9212 | 62.79963 |
41 | 800 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 150 | −0.04 | 717.5753 | 62.80635 |
42 | 800 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 150 | −0.02 | 648.4216 | 47.78122 |
43 | 800 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 160 | −0.10 | 916.0076 | 66.69733 |
44 | 800 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 170 | −0.10 | 952.8868 | 71.95371 |
45 | 800 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 180 | −0.10 | 754.4841 | 61.38528 |
46 | 800 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 190 | −0.10 | 720.601 | 51.66744 |
# | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Flexural Modulus (GPa) |
---|---|---|
1 | 897.33 | 69.20 |
2 | 886.15 | 66.70 |
3 | 952.89 | 71.95 |
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Xiao, H.; Han, W.; Ming, Y.; Ding, Z.; Duan, Y. A Sensitivity Analysis-Based Parameter Optimization Framework for 3D Printing of Continuous Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites. Materials 2019, 12, 3961. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233961
Xiao H, Han W, Ming Y, Ding Z, Duan Y. A Sensitivity Analysis-Based Parameter Optimization Framework for 3D Printing of Continuous Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites. Materials. 2019; 12(23):3961. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233961
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao, Hong, Wei Han, Yueke Ming, Zhongqiu Ding, and Yugang Duan. 2019. "A Sensitivity Analysis-Based Parameter Optimization Framework for 3D Printing of Continuous Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites" Materials 12, no. 23: 3961. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233961