Experimental Study on the Effect of Carbonation Reaction on the Properties of Imitation Site Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Soil Samples and Stabilizers
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Experimental Method
- Water-resistance test: in accordance with the standard for geotechnical test methods (GB/T50123-2019), a double-cup disintegration instrument was adopted (BJ-2 by Tianjin Tiangaung Optical Instruments Limited) and the sample quality was weighed during the test. The outer layer of the instrument was made of plexiglass, and the inner layer was composed of a beaker, wire mesh (10 cm diameter), ring knife (6.18 cm diameter), and steel wire. The sample was placed on a hanging net and then immediately placed into the beaker. The sample wetting at each stage was recorded in real-time using a recording device for 24 h.
- Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test: The specimens were dried in an oven at 105 °C for 48 h after curing and then subjected to the UCS test. The full-automatic geotechnical triaxial compression test system (TSZ-10) was used with a loading rate of 0.5 mm/min. When the pressure displacement curve in the test reached the peak value, the pressure reduced continuously for a period of time, after which the test was stopped, the peak pressure was recorded, test data were calculated, and a stress–strain relationship curve of the improved, repaired soil was obtained.
- Soil Sample pH value test: A Shanghai Sanxin PH5S soil pH sensor was used to test the pH value under different curing conditions and different curing times. The changes in the pH of the soil were observed, and the influence of the carbonation reaction on the performance of the imitation earthen archaeological site was analyzed.
- SEM test: SEM tests were performed using FEI Quanta 250 (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope), USA. The crushed specimens were dried and cut into 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm soil blocks. The development of the pore space in the soil with was observed after the gold spray treatment to analyze the causes of macroscopic property changes from a microscopic perspective.
3. Experimental Results and Analysis
3.1. Effect of Curing Conditions on the Water-Resistant Performance of Imitation Earthen Archaeological Soil
3.2. Effect of Carbonation on the Unconfined Compressive Strength of the Imitation Earthen Archaeological Site
3.3. Effect of Carbonation on pH of Imitation Earthen Archaeological Site
3.4. Microscopic SEM Analysis
4. Conclusions
- The effect of carbonization maintenance on improving the water resistance of the imitation site soil was significant. Moreover, the imitation site soil can achieve better water resistance through carbonization maintenance under 5% CO2 concentration with the same maintenance time.
- Carbonation curing has an obvious effect on improving the compressive strength of imitation earthen archaeological sites. The compressive strength of the samples cured in different CO2 concentration environments increased with the increase in CO2 concentration. Under the same CO2 concentration environment, the compressive strength increased with increasing curing time. The growth rate of the unconfined compressive strength was large with the curing time of 24 h, and then it decreased slowly.
- Under the same curing conditions, the pH value of the imitation earthen archaeological site first decreased with increasing curing time and then gradually stabilized. Under the same carbonization curing time, the pH value of the imitation earthen archaeological site decreased with increasing CO2 concentration. The compressive strength showed a negative correlation with the pH value, that is, the smaller the pH value, the greater was the corresponding compressive strength. The interior of the soil sample was observed through SEM, which showed that the improved soil was densely filled among soil particles, the particle gradation was improved, and the adhesion between the particles was good. Moreover, we found that the porosity of the soil sample was reduced, the voids were less and dense, and CaCO3 precipitates were formed, which effectively improved the overall stability of the earthen archaeological site.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Natural Moisture Content/% | Plastic Limit/% | Liquid Limit/% | Plasticity Index | Maximum Dry Density/(g·cm3) | Optimum Water Content/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
13.2 | 21.03 | 37.63 | 16.6 | 1.68 | 14.32 |
CO2 (%) | Curing Time (h) | Gro |
---|---|---|
0.03 (in air) | 6 | 1 |
12 | 2 | |
24 | 3 | |
48 | 4 | |
72 | 5 | |
120 | 6 | |
5 | 6 | 7 |
12 | 8 | |
24 | 9 | |
48 | 10 | |
72 | 11 | |
120 | 12 | |
10 | 6 | 13 |
12 | 14 | |
24 | 15 | |
48 | 16 | |
72 | 17 | |
120 | 18 | |
15 | 6 | 19 |
12 | 20 | |
24 | 21 | |
48 | 22 | |
72 | 23 | |
120 | 24 | |
control group | 120 | 25 |
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Yue, J.; Yang, X.; Zhao, L.; Kong, Q.; Chen, Y.; Huang, X.; Ma, C.; Su, H.; Li, W.; Gao, H. Experimental Study on the Effect of Carbonation Reaction on the Properties of Imitation Site Soil. Materials 2022, 15, 2958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082958
Yue J, Yang X, Zhao L, Kong Q, Chen Y, Huang X, Ma C, Su H, Li W, Gao H. Experimental Study on the Effect of Carbonation Reaction on the Properties of Imitation Site Soil. Materials. 2022; 15(8):2958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082958
Chicago/Turabian StyleYue, Jianwei, Xue Yang, Limin Zhao, Qingmei Kong, Ying Chen, Xuanjia Huang, Can Ma, Huicong Su, Wenhao Li, and Huijie Gao. 2022. "Experimental Study on the Effect of Carbonation Reaction on the Properties of Imitation Site Soil" Materials 15, no. 8: 2958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082958