Facile and Simple Post Treatment Ball Milling Strategy for the Production of Low-Cost TiO2 Composites with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance and Applicability to Construction Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of BM Treated Samples
2.3. Photocatalytic Experiment Program
2.3.1. Photodegradation of MB (Aqueous)
2.3.2. Photodegradation of NOx
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. MB Photocatalytic Degradation
3.2. Photodegradation of NOx
3.2.1. Mortar Specimens Coated with Photocatalysts
3.2.2. Mortar Mixed with the Photocatalysts
3.3. Optical Property Analysis
3.4. XRD Analysis
3.5. SEM Analysis
3.6. XPS Analysis
3.6.1. XPS Survey Analysis
3.6.2. Core Level Analysis
3.7. Particle Size Analysis
4. Conclusions
- This work proved that besides the use of pristine pure commercial TiO2, cheaper TiO2 composite can be suitably modified and incorporated into cementitious materials to develop newer and advanced construction materials.
- Our ball milling post-treatment strategy of composite TiO2 demonstrated a significant enhancement in functional performance such as photodegradation capability. The developed construction materials in this work exhibited superior performance over pristine titania due to the augmented interactions between the titania and the component in the composite, modification of crystal structure, surface characteristics and physicochemical properties resulting in influences on the photocatalytic performance of a cementitious system.
- The findings of the present work are expected to contribute to new directions for developing cheaper commercial construction materials with enhanced performance and provides scope for extending the possible utilization of such developed materials in the wider use of photocatalytic building materials.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample ID. | Company Names | Composition | Price (won/kg) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A (%) | R (%) | C (%) | |||
A1(BA01-01) | Hengyang Yutu Chemical (Hengyang, China) | 42.6 | - | 57.4 | 1000 |
A4(BA01-01+) | Hengyang Yutu Chemical (Hengyang, China) | - | 0.1 | 99.9 | 1200 |
R1(R996) | Sichuan Lomon Group (Sichuan, China) | - | minor | main | 2800 |
P-25 | Degussa Ag (Marl, Germany) | 87.5 | 12.5 | - | 130,000 |
ST-01 | Ishihara Sangyo (Osaka, Japan) | 100 | - | - | 140,000 |
Mixture Types | Water (g) | Cement (g) | Sand (g) | Photocatalysts (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plain mortar | 60 | 100 | 300 | 0 |
Mortar mixed with photocatalysts | 60 | 100 | 300 | 5 |
60 | 100 | 300 | 10 | |
60 | 100 | 300 | 15 |
Irradiation Time (h) | Photocatalysts | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | A1-BM | A4 | A4-BM | R1 | R1-BM | P25 | ST01 | |
Concentration of the Photodegraded Methylene Blue (mg/L) | ||||||||
1 h | 5 | 3 | 9.3 | 8.1 | 9.3 | 8.5 | 3.74 | 6.31 |
2 h | 1.8 | 0.67 | 8.7 | 7 | 8.8 | 7.6 | 0 | 3.9 |
Sample ID. | Pseudo-First Order Rate Constant (Y) | Slope of Y | Regression Coefficient (R2) |
---|---|---|---|
A1 | −0.893x + 0.092 | −0.893 | 0.985 |
A1-BM | −1.385x + 0.133 | −1.385 | 0.991 |
A4 | −0.066x + 0.001 | −0.066 | 0.990 |
A4-BM | −0.174x − 0.015 | −0.174 | 0.992 |
R1 | −0.071x − 0.0002 | −0.071 | 0.984 |
R1-BM | −0.137x − 0.015 | −0.137 | 0.981 |
P-25 | −1.059x + 0.040 | −1.059 | 0.996 |
ST-01 | −0.441x − 0.027 | −0.441 | 0.982 |
Samples | Composition | 2θ | Crystallite Size (nm) | D-Spacing (Å) | Lattice Constants (a, b, c) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A (%) | R (%) | C (%) | A | R | C | A | R | C | A | R | C | A | R | C | ||||
(101) | (110) | (104) | a = b | c | a = b | c | a= b | c | ||||||||||
A1-BM | 33.3 | - | 66.7 | 25.34 | - | 29.46 | 48.46 | - | 42.12 | 3.51 | 3.02 | 3.77 | 9.50 | - | - | 4.97 | 17.02 | |
A1 | 42.6 | - | 57.4 | 25.38 | - | 29.50 | 51.21 | - | 43.01 | 3.50 | 3.02 | 3.77 | 9.45 | - | - | 4.97 | 16.98 | |
A4 | - | 0.1 | 99.9 | - | - | 29.45 | - | - | 54.39 | - | - | 3.03 | - | - | - | - | 4.98 | 17.02 |
A4-BM | 1.9 | 98.1 | - | 27.42 | 29.38 | - | 68.9 | 39.36 | - | 3.24 | 3.03 | - | - | 5.59 | 2.96 | 4.99 | 17.05 | |
R1 | - | minor | main | - | 27.86 | 29.46 | - | 38.6 | 42.34 | - | 3.19 | 3.02 | - | - | 4.52 | 2.98 | 4.98 | 17.01 |
R1-BM | 0.2 | 13.2 | 86.7 | 25.40 | 27.46 | 29.47 | 67.00 | 57.35 | 44.70 | 3.50 | 3.24 | 3.02 | 3.78 | 9.51 | 4.58 | 2.95 | 4.97 | 17.01 |
P-25 | 87.5 | 12.5 | - | 25.32 | 27.44 | - | 18.89 | 28.79 | - | 3.51 | 3.24 | - | 3.78 | 9.50 | 4.59 | 2.95 | - | - |
ST01 | 100 | - | - | 25.29 | - | - | 6.28 | - | - | 3.51 | - | - | 3.78 | 9.50 | - | - | - | - |
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Kighuta, K.; Kim, S.-W.; Hou, Y.-L.; Lee, K.-P.; Kim, W.-J. Facile and Simple Post Treatment Ball Milling Strategy for the Production of Low-Cost TiO2 Composites with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance and Applicability to Construction Materials. Materials 2023, 16, 4931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16144931
Kighuta K, Kim S-W, Hou Y-L, Lee K-P, Kim W-J. Facile and Simple Post Treatment Ball Milling Strategy for the Production of Low-Cost TiO2 Composites with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance and Applicability to Construction Materials. Materials. 2023; 16(14):4931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16144931
Chicago/Turabian StyleKighuta, Kabuyaya, Sun-Woo Kim, Yao-Long Hou, Kwang-Pill Lee, and Wha-Jung Kim. 2023. "Facile and Simple Post Treatment Ball Milling Strategy for the Production of Low-Cost TiO2 Composites with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance and Applicability to Construction Materials" Materials 16, no. 14: 4931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16144931