Influence of Oxygen Content in the Protective Gas on Pitting Corrosion Resistance of a 316L Stainless Steel Weld Joint
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Influence of Oxygen Content on Discoloration
3.2. Thermodynamic Calculation
3.3. Oxide Geometrical Characteristics
3.4. Pitting Corrosion Tests
4. Conclusions
- The width of discoloration increased with increasing oxygen content, and notable differences in color were observed between the samples with 5000 ppm and 500 ppm/200 ppm of oxygen. In particular, the 5000 ppm sample exhibited an opaque zone located behind the welding line, indicating distinct characteristics in the oxide formation process at high oxygen concentrations.
- The results indicate that the oxide thickness increases with an increase in the oxygen content of the purging gas, when it ranges from 50 to 5000 ppm. This suggests that a higher concentration of oxygen promotes the formation of a thicker oxide layer on the surface of the material. The observed trend in oxide thickness provides valuable insights into the influence of oxygen content on the oxide formation process and its subsequent impact on the corrosion resistance of the material.
- The oxide structure was found to be a mixture of Spinel and Corundum phases, with the presence of an oxide liquid phase at high temperatures. The oxide liquid phase exhibited a higher concentration of FeO, which resulted in a porous structure.
- The pitting corrosion resistance showed an increasing trend up to a 500 ppm oxygen content, followed by a decrease at 5000 ppm. The sample with 500 ppm exhibited the highest pit potential, suggesting the formation of a more stable passive film that is less susceptible to localized corrosion. The presence of a porous oxide structure near the fusion line in the 5000 ppm sample may have contributed to its lower pitting corrosion resistance.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | C | Mn | Si | P | S | Mo | Cr |
Amount | 0.02 | 0.97 | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.001 | 2.05 | 16.47 |
Element | Ni | Al | Co | Cu | W | N | Other |
Amount | 11.37 | 0.0162 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.073 | 0.093 | 0.13 |
Process | GTAW | GTAW | GTAW | GTAW |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pass | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
Shielding gas | Ar | Ar | Ar | Ar |
Purge gas flow rate (CFH) | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
Current (A) | 125–202 | 166–215 | 200–223 | 208–243 |
Voltage (V) | 10.6–14 | 11.8–15.7 | 12.8–16.4 | 13.8–16.4 |
Tube to work distance (mm) | 9.52 | 9.52 | 9.52 | 9.52 |
Heat In Put (kJ.mm−1) | 1.31 | 1.17 | 1.28 | 1.44 |
Filer material | ER316L (Exocor) | ER316L (Exocor) | ER316L (Exocor) | ER316L (Exocor) |
Oxygen Content (PPM) | 50 | 200 | 500 | 5000 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Component | Ar + 0.005% O | Ar + 0.02% O | Ar + 0.05% O | Ar + 0.5% O |
Zone | Phase |
---|---|
1 | Liquid |
2 | Liquid + MeS |
3 | Liquid + alfa Ca2SiO4 |
4 | Liquid + Oxide Liquid |
5 | Liquid + Oxide Liquid + Spinel |
6 | Liquid + Oxide Liquid + Corundum + SiO2 + TSpinel |
7 | Delta ferrite + Austenite + MeS |
8 | Austenite + MeS |
9 | Oxide Liquid + Austenite + Spinel + TSpinel |
10 | Austenite + MeS + Corundum + SiO2 + TSpinel + Ca3Cr2Si3O12 |
11 | Austenite + MeS + Wollastonite |
12 | Austenite + MeS |
13 | Austenite + MeS + Corundum + SiO2 + TSpinel + Wollastonite |
14 | Spinel + Austenite + Olivine + Beta Ni3S2 |
15 | Spinel + Olivine + Rhodonite + Pyrrhotite |
16 | Oxide Liquid + Spinel |
17 | Spinel + Corundum + SiO2 + MnSO4 + CaSO4 |
18 | Austenite + MeS + Spinel + Rhodonite + TSpinel + Wollastonite |
19 | Spinel + Olivine + Rhodonite + MnSO4 + CaSO4 |
20 | Spinel + Corundum + Olivine + CaSO4 + MnSO4 |
21 | Spinel + Corundum + SiO2 + MnSO4 + CaSO4 + MnO2 + CrO3 |
22 | Spinel + Olivine |
23 | Delta ferrite + Austenite + MeS + Liquid |
24 | Delta ferrite + MeS + Liquid |
Oxygen Content (PPM) | 50 | 200 | 500 | 5000 | 316L SS Base |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ipassive (µA) | 463 ± 10 | 210 ± 10 | 230 ± 20 | 290 ± 30 | 198 ± 30 |
ipit (µA) | 463 ± 10 | 200 ± 10 | 210 ± 10 | 260 ± 20 | 297 ± 30 |
Epassive (V) | 0 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | −0.04 ± 0.01 |
Epit (V) | 0.42 ± 0.06 | 0.53 ± 0.01 | 0.54 ± 0.01 | 0.49 ± 0.02 | 0.96 ± 0.01 |
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Maroufkhani, M.; Hakimian, S.; Khodabandeh, A.; Radu, I.; Hof, L.A.; Jahazi, M. Influence of Oxygen Content in the Protective Gas on Pitting Corrosion Resistance of a 316L Stainless Steel Weld Joint. Materials 2023, 16, 5968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175968
Maroufkhani M, Hakimian S, Khodabandeh A, Radu I, Hof LA, Jahazi M. Influence of Oxygen Content in the Protective Gas on Pitting Corrosion Resistance of a 316L Stainless Steel Weld Joint. Materials. 2023; 16(17):5968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175968
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaroufkhani, Mohammad, Soroosh Hakimian, Alireza Khodabandeh, Iulian Radu, Lucas A. Hof, and Mohammad Jahazi. 2023. "Influence of Oxygen Content in the Protective Gas on Pitting Corrosion Resistance of a 316L Stainless Steel Weld Joint" Materials 16, no. 17: 5968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175968