Improving Sag Resistance in Geopolymer Coatings Using Diatomite Filler: Effects on Rheological Properties and Early Hydration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Mixture Proportions and Preparation Processes of Geopolymer Coatings
2.3. Characterization of the GPC
2.3.1. Morphology Analysis
2.3.2. Rheological Test
2.3.3. Sagging Resistance Test
2.3.4. Isothermal Calorimetry Test
2.3.5. Mechanical Test
2.3.6. Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.3.7. Evaluation of Water Retention Capacity and Setting Time
2.3.8. X-ray Diffraction Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Morphology and Chemical Composition of the Diatomite
3.2. Rheology of Geopolymer Coatings
3.3. Water Retention Capacity and Setting Time Tests
3.4. Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Coatings
3.5. The Enhancement Mechanism and Reaction Process of Diatomite
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The addition of diatomite has an impact on the yield stress, plastic viscosity, and thixotropy of geopolymer coatings. The rheological properties initially increase, then decrease as the diatomite concentration rises. At a concentration of 1.1%, the geopolymer coating shows optimal rheological parameters.
- (2)
- The sag resistance of the geopolymer coatings first improved and then decreased with increasing diatomite concentration. Comparative tests revealed that coatings with 1.1% diatomite exhibited reduced sagging tendency on vertical surfaces, while maintaining stability and homogeneity at a thickness of 600 μm.
- (3)
- Diatomite increases water retention and extends the setting and drying times of geopolymer slurries. The porous structure and hydrophilic nature of diatomite help minimize free water content in the system, reducing early-stage water loss during coating hydration. Additionally, the setting and drying duration increases with higher diatomite concentrations. Adding 1.1% and 2.0% diatomite extended the initial and final setting times by 109.09% and 93.33%, respectively, demonstrating improved construction performance.
- (4)
- The addition of diatomite improved the wetting and dissolution of slag and fly ash particles during early hydration, augmenting total hydration heat and gel phase content in the coatings. This augmentation boosts bond strength and surface hardness. At a concentration of 1.1% diatomite, the 28-day bonding strength was 54.9% higher compared to the sample without diatomite.
- (5)
- This study used diatomite as a filler to improve the sag resistance of geopolymer coatings. This research serves as a theoretical basis for optimizing the performance of geopolymer coatings and has great practical importance for future research aimed at developing economical and environmentally friendly protective coatings for concrete.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Compound wt.% | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | K2O | TiO2 | Na2O | MgO | P2O5 |
Slag | 32.889 | 19.275 | 0.320 | 35.669 | 0.330 | 0.907 | 0.649 | 9.944 | 0.017 |
Fly ash | 53.030 | 34.580 | 5.000 | 2.719 | 1.587 | 1.136 | 0.889 | 0.845 | 0.214 |
Diatomite | 92.260 | 2.988 | 1.300 | 0.204 | 0.360 | 0.000 | 2.476 | 0.340 | 0.072 |
Sample | Precursor(g) | Water Glass Solution(g) | Diatomite(g) | NaOH(g) | Water(g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GPC-D0 | 200 | 38.8 | 0.0 | 6.02 | 78.2 |
GPC-D0.5 | 1.0 | ||||
GPC-D0.8 | 1.6 | ||||
GPC-D1.1 | 2.2 | ||||
GPC-D1.4 | 2.8 | ||||
GPC-D1.7 | 3.4 | ||||
GPC-D2.0 | 4.0 |
Sample | Bingham Model | Correlation Coefficient (R2) | Yield Stress (Pa) | Plastic Viscosity (Pa·s) | Thixotropy (Pa·s−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GPC-D0 | 0.999 | 0.528 ± 0.119 | 0.649 ± 0.0021 | 133.10 ± 5.684 | |
GPC-D0.5 | 0.998 | 0.625 ± 0.123 | 0.737 ± 0.0022 | 142.51 ± 9.338 | |
GPC-D0.8 | 0.996 | 0.876 ± 0.131 | 0.777 ± 0.0023 | 150.28 ± 8.621 | |
GPC-D1.1 | 0.999 | 2.748 ± 0.101 | 0.921 ± 0.0018 | 313.85 ± 7.263 | |
GPC-D1.4 | 0.999 | 0.998 ± 0.150 | 0.740 ± 0.0026 | 298.87 ± 8.882 | |
GPC-D1.7 | 0.998 | 0.996 ± 0.134 | 0.623 ± 0.0023 | 273.65 ± 7.639 | |
GPC-D2.0 | 0.999 | 0.423 ± 0.127 | 0.617 ± 0.0022 | 261.33 ± 5.583 |
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Hu, Y.; Jin, Z.; Pang, B.; Du, Z.; Li, X.; Huang, Y. Improving Sag Resistance in Geopolymer Coatings Using Diatomite Filler: Effects on Rheological Properties and Early Hydration. Materials 2024, 17, 2516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112516
Hu Y, Jin Z, Pang B, Du Z, Li X, Huang Y. Improving Sag Resistance in Geopolymer Coatings Using Diatomite Filler: Effects on Rheological Properties and Early Hydration. Materials. 2024; 17(11):2516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112516
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Yuan, Zuquan Jin, Bo Pang, Zhantao Du, Xiangxiang Li, and Yuxin Huang. 2024. "Improving Sag Resistance in Geopolymer Coatings Using Diatomite Filler: Effects on Rheological Properties and Early Hydration" Materials 17, no. 11: 2516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112516