Investigation into the Acoustic Properties of Polylactic Acid Sound-Absorbing Panels Manufactured by 3D Printing Technology: The Influence of Nozzle Diameters and Internal Configurations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design of Acoustic Test Samples
2.2. Three-Dimensional Printing of the Samples
2.3. Acoustic Analysis of 3D-Printed Samples
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Influence of Nozzle Diameter on Acoustic Performance of 3D-Printed Samples
3.2. The Influence of Material Type on the Acoustic Performance of 3D-Printed Samples
- For the samples printed with a nozzle diameter of 0.8 mm with the same sample thickness and internal configuration, the Grey Tough PLA material showed the highest values for α (with a minimum of 0.32—sample 3Z1—and a maximum of 0.84—sample 1Z2G). For the Grey Tough PLA material, these values were 3 times higher as compared to the Black PLA Pro material and double that of the Natural PLA material. An explanation for this high value of α for the Grey Tough PLA printed samples could be attributed to the lower density (1.24 g/cm3) of the printed samples that exhibited a higher sound absorption capacity, as demonstrated in other studies [52,53,54].
- In contrast, for the 3D-printed samples with a nozzle diameter of 0.6 mm with the same sample thickness and internal configuration, the absorption coefficient values (with a maximum of 0.91 for Grey Tough PLA—sample 4Z2G—and a maximum of 0.93—sample 5Z2B for Black PLA Pro) were close for the materials (Grey Tough PLA and Black PLA Pro). For the Natural PLA material, the values were lower compared to the first two and varied for the Z1 configuration (α = 0.34–0.38) and were higher for the Z2 configuration (α = 0.65–0.77). But on further analysis, it can be stated that the maximum absorption coefficient values (4Z2G and 5Z2B) were reached for two (Grey Tough PLA and Black PLA Pro) of the three materials.
- For the samples manufactured with a nozzle diameter of 0.4 mm with the same sample thickness and the same internal configuration, the absorption coefficient was close to the maximum for each material type (Grey Tough PLA with α = 0.91—sample 7Z1G; Black PLA Pro with α = 0.91—sample 7Z1B; Natural PLA with α = 0. 91—sample 7Z1N). Therefore, it can be stated that for the different materials (Grey Tough PLA; Black PLA Pro; Natural PLA) and with the following characteristics, the same absorption coefficient results were obtained: nozzle diameter of 0.4 mm, the same sample thickness (4 mm) and the same internal configuration (Z1). Thus, it can be concluded that the FFF additive manufacturing process showed high stability in 3D printing with a 0.4 mm diameter nozzle for the three materials analyzed. The nozzle diameter of 0.4 mm provided, in the case of the acoustically tested samples, a balance between the details of the printed parts (fine details on X and Y axes) and the 3D printing time.
- For the 0.8 mm nozzle diameter with the same sample thickness and the same internal configuration, the Black PLA Pro material showed the highest results (minimum 38.5 dB and maximum 56 dB);
- For the 0. 6 mm nozzle diameter with the same sample thickness and the same internal configuration, the Natural PLA material showed the highest results (minimum 32.4 dB and maximum 42.9 dB);
- For the 0.4 mm nozzle diameter with the same sample thickness and the same internal configuration, the Black PLA Pro material showed the highest results (minimum 24.1 dB and maximum 31.9 dB).
3.3. The Influence of Internal Configuration on the Acoustic Performance of 3D-Printed Samples
4. Conclusions
- For the nozzle diameter of 0.4 mm, the highest values of the absorption coefficient were obtained (α = 0.76–0.91);
- For the nozzle diameter of 0.6 mm, the highest value of the absorption coefficient (α = 0.93) was obtained for sample 5Z2B (5.33 mm thickness, Black PLA Pro filament and Z2 internal configuration);
- For the nozzle diameter of 0.8 mm, the lowest values of the absorption coefficient were recorded;
- The average value for α with a nozzle diameter of 0.4 mm was 17% higher than the value of α for the nozzle diameter of 0.6 mm and 58% higher as compared to α for the nozzle diameter of 0.8 mm;
- Based on the analysis of the samples printed with the three nozzle diameters, the highest value of the sound transmission loss (STL = 0.56 dB) was obtained for the nozzle diameter of 0.8 mm;
- The reflection coefficient showed the highest value (β = 0.989) for sample 1Z2B, which was printed with a nozzle size of 0.8 mm, and which had the maximum value that corresponded to the lowest absorption coefficient (α = 0.02 at a frequency of 1600 Hz).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Correction Statement
References
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Section View (Z1) | Top View | Section View (Z2) |
---|---|---|
Parameter | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Grey Tough PLA | Black PLA Pro | Natural PLA | |
Filament diameter (mm) | 2.85 | 2.85 | 2.85 |
Filament color | Grey | Black | Natural |
Printed Part Density (g/cm3) | 1.22 | 1.25 | 1.24 |
Glass Transition Temperature (°C) | 59 | 63 | 55–60 |
Melting Temperature | 152 | 170–180 | - |
Layer height (mm) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Building plate temperature (°C) | 40 | 40 | 40 |
Infill density (%) | 60 | 60 | 60 |
Infill pattern | Cubic | Cubic | Cubic |
Print speed (mm/s) | 40 | 40 | 40 |
Travel speed (mm/s) | 120 | 120 | 120 |
Printing temperature (°C) | 215 | 210 | 210 |
Top layers | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Bottom layers | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Nozzle diameter (mm) | 0.4/0.6/0.8 | 0.4/0.6/0.8 | 0.4/0.6/0.8 |
No. | Filament Type | Acoustic Properties | Nozzle Diameter (0.4 mm) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Z1 Pattern | Z2 Pattern | |||||||
4 mm | 6.4 mm | 8.8 mm | 4 mm | 5.33 mm | 8 mm | |||
1. | Grey Tough PLA | Sample type | 7Z1G | 8Z1G | 9Z1G | 7Z2G | 8Z2G | 9Z2G |
α | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.78 | ||
STL (dB) | 30.1 | 30.7 | 30.9 | 28.1 | 28.5 | 29.9 | ||
β | 0.863 | 0.877 | 0.889 | 0.885 | 0.847 | 0.89 | ||
2. | Black PLA Pro | Sample type | 7Z1B | 8Z1B | 9Z1B | 7Z2B | 8Z2B | 9Z2B |
α | 0.91 | 0.82 | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.87 | 0.83 | ||
STL (dB) | 27.9 | 31.8 | 31.9 | 24.1 | 29.8 | 30.9 | ||
β | 0.879 | 0.9 | 0.887 | 0.793 | 0.845 | 0.907 | ||
3. | Natural PLA | Sample type | 7Z1N | 8Z1N | 9Z1N | 7Z2N | 8Z2N | 9Z2N |
α | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.80 | ||
STL (dB) | 29.7 | 31 | 31.7 | 28.7 | 29.4 | 30.4 | ||
β | 0.868 | 0.902 | 0.912 | 0.81 | 0.833 | 0.883 |
No. | Filament Type | Acoustic Properties | Nozzle Diameter (0.6 mm) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Z1 Pattern | Z2 Pattern | |||||||
4 mm | 6.4 mm | 8.8 mm | 4 mm | 5.33 mm | 8 mm | |||
1. | Grey Tough PLA | Sample type | 4Z1G | 5Z1G | 6Z1G | 4Z2G | 5Z2G | 6Z2G |
α | 0.84 | 0.77 | 0.57 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.74 | ||
STL (dB) | 30 | 31.7 | 32.4 | 29 | 30.2 | 31.3 | ||
β | 0.937 | 0.918 | 0.931 | 0.89 | 0.899 | 0.933 | ||
2. | Black PLA Pro | Sample type | 4Z1B | 5Z1B | 6Z1B | 4Z2B | 5Z2B | 6Z2B |
α | 0.58 | 0.82 | 0.55 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 0.79 | ||
STL (dB) | 32.4 | 32.1 | 32.9 | 31.7 | 31.4 | 32 | ||
β | 0.914 | 0.905 | 0.937 | 0.897 | 0.889 | 0.873 | ||
3. | Natural PLA | Sample type | 4Z1N | 5Z1N | 6Z1N | 4Z2N | 5Z2N | 6Z2N |
α | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.71 | ||
STL (dB) | 42.9 | 38.9 | 36.1 | 30.6 | 34.5 | 32.4 | ||
β | 0.942 | 0.955 | 0.944 | 0.893 | 0.92 | 0.93 |
No. | Filament Type | Acoustic Properties | Nozzle Diameter (0.8 mm) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Z1 Pattern | Z2 Pattern | |||||||
4 mm | 6.4 mm | 8.8 mm | 4 mm | 5.33 mm | 8 mm | |||
1. | Grey Tough PLA | Sample type | 1Z1G | 2Z1G | 3Z1G | 1Z2G | 2Z2G | 3Z2G |
α | 0.65 | 0.50 | 0.32 | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.60 | ||
STL (dB) | 33.4 | 35.2 | 33.8 | 31 | 32.5 | 36.1 | ||
β | 0.911 | 0.94 | 0.957 | 0.923 | 0.921 | 0.93 | ||
2. | Black PLA Pro | Sample type | 1Z1B | 2Z1B | 3Z1B | 1Z2B | 2Z2B | 3Z2B |
α | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.25 | ||
STL (dB) | 43.6 | 42.6 | 44.8 | 46.2 | 38.5 | 56 | ||
β | 0.983 | 0.983 | 0.983 | 0.989 | 0.981 | 0.958 | ||
3. | Natural PLA | Sample type | 1Z1N | 2Z1N | 3Z1N | 1Z2N | 2Z2N | 3Z2N |
α | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.46 | 0.25 | 0.29 | ||
STL (dB) | 37.3 | 42.8 | 43.3 | 39.1 | 38 | 47.2 | ||
β | 0.957 | 0.955 | 0.974 | 0.927 | 0.959 | 0.951 |
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Matei, S.; Pop, M.A.; Zaharia, S.-M.; Coșniță, M.; Croitoru, C.; Spîrchez, C.; Cazan, C. Investigation into the Acoustic Properties of Polylactic Acid Sound-Absorbing Panels Manufactured by 3D Printing Technology: The Influence of Nozzle Diameters and Internal Configurations. Materials 2024, 17, 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030580
Matei S, Pop MA, Zaharia S-M, Coșniță M, Croitoru C, Spîrchez C, Cazan C. Investigation into the Acoustic Properties of Polylactic Acid Sound-Absorbing Panels Manufactured by 3D Printing Technology: The Influence of Nozzle Diameters and Internal Configurations. Materials. 2024; 17(3):580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030580
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatei, Simona, Mihai Alin Pop, Sebastian-Marian Zaharia, Mihaela Coșniță, Cătălin Croitoru, Cosmin Spîrchez, and Cristina Cazan. 2024. "Investigation into the Acoustic Properties of Polylactic Acid Sound-Absorbing Panels Manufactured by 3D Printing Technology: The Influence of Nozzle Diameters and Internal Configurations" Materials 17, no. 3: 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030580