Effect of Industrial By-Products on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Solidified Organic Marine Clayey Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
Item | Value | Item | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gs 1 | 2.44 | Plasticity Index 2 (%) | 16.67 |
Natural moisture content (% by mass) | 60.2 | Organic Content (%) | 5.87 |
Liquid Limit (%) | 68.89 | pH | 8.3 |
Plasticity Index (%) | 21.1 | Electric Conductivity (dS/m) | 2.46 |
Liquid Limit 2 (%) | 51.29 | - | - |
Materials | pH | EC (dS·m−1) | Blaine Finess (cm2/g) | Main Elements Contents (%) by XRF | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | O | Si | Fe | Mg | Al | S | Cl | LOI ♯ | ||||
OPC | 12.1 | 7.50 | 2800 | 44.99 | 35.22 | 10.37 | 2.03 | 2.01 | 1.86 | 1.51 | - | 1.96 |
OSP | 8.7 | 0.61 | 3843 | 46.43 | 48.08 | 1.77 | 0.31 | - | 0.56 | 0.30 | 0.83 | 2.12 |
SMS | 12.0 | 4.95 | 4500 | 24.74 | 33.92 | 8.63 | 21.02 | 2.81 | 3.06 | 0.44 | 0.15 | 1.88 |
FGD | 12.7 | 7.98 | 3800 | 64.84 | - | 1.45 | 1.65 | 1.37 | 0.38 | 16.17 | 11.53 | 2.49 |
Material | Heavy Metal Concentration (mg/L) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | Cd | Pb | Cr | As | |
Standard of Korea | 1.0 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
OH | 0.031 | N.D. | 0.003 | 0.004 | N.D. |
OPC | 0.001 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.729 | N.D. |
OSP | 0.085 | N.D. | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.007 |
SMS | 0.004 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.007 | N.D. |
FGD | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | 0.013 | N.D. |
2.2. Mixing and Manufacturing of Test Specimens
2.3. Test Methods
2.3.1. Unconfined Compressive Strength
2.3.2. Optical Observations
2.3.3. The Content of CaCO3
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Unconfined Compressive Strength
Curing (days) | Additive | Mixing Ratio | pH | Dry Density (g/cm2) | UCS (kPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | OPC | 5% | 9.05 | 1.06 | 42.6 |
10% | 9.35 | 1.06 | 131.2 | ||
15% | 9.38 | 1.01 | 198.8 | ||
OPC + OSP | 5% | 8.90 | 1.02 | 36.9 | |
10% | 9.08 | 1.01 | 65.1 | ||
15% | 9.52 | 0.99 | 123.2 | ||
OPC + SMS | 5% | 9.06 | 1.02 | 33.9 | |
10% | 9.19 | 1.00 | 81.6 | ||
15% | 9.72 | 1.03 | 145.6 | ||
OPC + FGD | 5% | 9.10 | 1.04 | 20.0 | |
10% | 9.48 | 1.04 | 98.5 | ||
15% | 9.58 | 1.04 | 158.1 | ||
14 | OPC | 5% | 9.77 | 1.04 | 51.0 |
10% | 9.98 | 1.05 | 140.9 | ||
15% | 10.05 | 1.03 | 245.9 | ||
OPC + OSP | 5% | 9.59 | 1.02 | 41.8 | |
10% | 10.04 | 1.02 | 106.2 | ||
15% | 10.44 | 1.01 | 148.8 | ||
OPC + SMS | 5% | 9.90 | 1.02 | 50.6 | |
10% | 10.01 | 1.03 | 99.3 | ||
15% | 10.37 | 1.05 | 174.4 | ||
OPC + FGD | 5% | 9.76 | 1.03 | 24.6 | |
10% | 9.90 | 1.02 | 109.2 | ||
15% | 10.41 | 1.05 | 179.0 | ||
28 | OPC | 5% | 9.12 | 1.02 | 57.8 |
10% | 9.49 | 1.02 | 191.9 | ||
15% | 10.03 | 1.04 | 256.7 | ||
OPC + OSP | 5% | 9.33 | 1.01 | 44.5 | |
10% | 9.36 | 1.04 | 165.8 | ||
15% | 9.83 | 1.04 | 376.1 | ||
OPC + SMS | 5% | 9.04 | 1.02 | 113.5 | |
10% | 9.27 | 1.05 | 214.1 | ||
15% | 9.92 | 1.02 | 556.7 | ||
OPC + FGD | 5% | 8.73 | 1.05 | 29.0 | |
10% | 8.78 | 1.03 | 133.3 | ||
15% | 9.07 | 1.05 | 198.4 |
3.2. pH Variation
3.3. Optical Observations
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Park, C.-G.; Yun, S.-W.; Baveye, P.C.; Yu, C. Effect of Industrial By-Products on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Solidified Organic Marine Clayey Soils. Materials 2015, 8, 5098-5111. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8085098
Park C-G, Yun S-W, Baveye PC, Yu C. Effect of Industrial By-Products on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Solidified Organic Marine Clayey Soils. Materials. 2015; 8(8):5098-5111. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8085098
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Chan-Gi, Sung-Wook Yun, Phillippe C. Baveye, and Chan Yu. 2015. "Effect of Industrial By-Products on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Solidified Organic Marine Clayey Soils" Materials 8, no. 8: 5098-5111. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8085098