Vaccinium meridionale Swartz Supercritical CO2 Extraction: Effect of Process Conditions and Scaling Up
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Supercritical Fluid Extraction
2.3.1. Small-Scale Extractions
2.3.2. Large-Scale Extractions
2.4. Scaling Criteria and Mass Transfer Modeling
- The constant extraction rate (CER) period, in which the external surface of the particles is covered with easily accessible solute, and thus the extraction rate is constant during this period and determined by the convective solvent film resistance.
- The falling extraction rate (FER) period, in which the intra-particle diffusion starts to become important. The remained accessible solute continues to be extracted but also the solute in the intact cells starts to be extracted. Thus, the extraction rate drops rapidly and at the end of this period, all the readily accessible solute has been removed from the vegetal matrix.
- The diffusion controlled (DC) period, in which only the less accessible solute in intact cells is slowly extracted. Mass transfer is mainly dominated by slow diffusion inside the solid vegetal particles.
3. Results
3.1. Small-Scale Extractions
3.2. BIC Model Fitting of Small-Scale Experimental Kinetics
3.3. BIC Model Prediction of Large-Scale Mortiño SFE and Comparison with Experimental Large-Scale Extraction
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Schreckinger, M.E.; Wang, J.; Yousef, G.; Lila, M.A.; De Mejia, E.G. Antioxidant capacity and in vitro inhibition of adipogenesis and inflammation by phenolic extracts of Vaccinium floribundum and Aristotelia chilensis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 8966–8976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kšonžeková, P.; Mariychuk, R.; Eliašová, A.; Mudroňová, D.; Csank, T.; Király, J.; Marcinčáková, D.; Pistl, J.; Tkáčiková, L. In vitro study of biological activities of anthocyanin-rich berry extracts on porcine intestinal epithelial cells. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2016, 96, 1093–1100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abreu, O.A.; Barreto, G.; Prieto, S. Vaccinium (ericaceae): Ethnobotany and pharmacological potentials, Emirates. J. Food Agric. 2014, 26, 577–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smeriglio, A.; Monteleone, D.; Trombetta, D. Health effects of Vaccinium myrtillus L.: Evaluation of efficacy and technological strategies for preservation of active ingredients. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2014, 14, 567–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gaviria Montoya, C.; Ochoa Ospina, C.; Sánchez Mesa, N.; Medina Cano, C.; Lobo Arias, M.; Galeano García, P.; Mosquera Martínez, A.; Tamayo Tenorio, A.; Lopera Pérez, Y.; Rojano, B. Actividad antioxidante e inhibición de la peroxidación lipídica de extractos de frutos de mortiño (Vaccinium meridionale Sw). Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plantas Med. Aromat. 2009, 8, 519–528. [Google Scholar]
- Güder, A.; Gür, M.; Engin, M.S. Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus Linn.) Fruit and Their Chemical Composition. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 2015, 17, 401–414. [Google Scholar]
- Asgary, S.; Rafieiankopaei, M.; Sahebkar, A.; Shamsi, F.; Goli-malekabadi, N. Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of Vaccinium myrtillus fruit in experimentally induced diabetes (antidiabetic effect of Vaccinium myrtillus fruit). J. Sci. Food Agric. 2016, 96, 764–768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lala, G.; Malik, M.; Zhao, C.; He, J.; Kwon, Y.; Giusti, M.M.; Magnuson, B.A. Anthocyanin-rich extracts inhibit multiple biomarkers of colon cancer in rats. Nutr. Cancer. 2006, 54, 84–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Subash, S.; Essa, M.; Al-Adawi, S.; Memon, M.; Manivasagam, T.; Akbar, M. Neuroprotective effects of berry fruits on neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen. Res. 2014, 9, 1557–1566. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Ashour, O.M.; Elberry, A.A.; Alahdal, A.; Al Mohamadi, A.M.; Nagy, A.A.; Abdel-Naim, A.B.; Abdel-Sattar, E.A.; Mohamadin, A.M. Protective effect of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) against doxorubicin-induced oxidative cardiotoxicity in rats. Med. Sci. Monit. 2011, 17, BR110–BR115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lopera, Y.E.; Fantinelli, J.; Arbelaez González, L.F.; Rojano, B.; Ríos, J.L.; Schinella, G.; Mosca, S. Antioxidant Activity and Cardioprotective Effect of a Nonalcoholic Extract of Vaccinium meridionale Swartz during Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2013, 2013, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodrigues Batista, C.D.C.; Santana De Oliveira, M.; Araújo, M.E.; Rodrigues, A.M.C.; Botelho, J.R.S.; Da Silva Souza Filho, A.P.; Machado, N.T.; Carvalho, R.N. Supercritical CO2 extraction of açaí (Euterpe oleracea) berry oil: Global yield, fatty acids, allelopathic activities, and determination of phenolic and anthocyanins total compounds in the residual pulp. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2015, 107, 364–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vatai, T.; Škerget, M.; Knez, Ž. Extraction of phenolic compounds from elder berry and different grape marc varieties using organic solvents and/or supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Food Eng. 2009, 90, 246–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Capuzzo, A.; Maffei, M.E.; Occhipinti, A. Supercritical fluid extraction of plant flavors and fragrances. Molecules 2013, 18, 7194–7238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Amandi, R.; Hyde, J.R.; Ross, S.K.; Lotz, T.J.; Poliakoff, M. Continuous reactions in supercritical fluids; A cleaner, more selective synthesis of thymol in supercritical CO2. Green Chem. 2005, 7, 288–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereira, C.G.; Meireles, M.A.A. Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds: Fundamentals, applications and economic perspectives. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2010, 3, 340–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paes, J.; Dotta, R.; Barbero, G.F.; Martínez, J. Extraction of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins from blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) residues using supercritical CO2 and pressurized liquids. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2014, 95, 8–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babova, O.; Occhipinti, A.; Capuzzo, A.; Maffei, M.E. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids Extraction of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) antioxidants using supercritical/subcritical CO2 and ethanol as co-solvent. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2016, 107, 358–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez, J.; Rosa, P.T.V.; Meireles, M.A.A. Extraction of Clove and Vetiver Oils with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Modeling and Simulation. Open Chem. Eng. J. 2007, 1, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sovová, H. Rate of the vegetable oil extraction with supercritical CO2—I. Modelling of extraction curves. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1994, 49, 409–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Risco, M.R.; Vicente, G.; Reglero, G.; Fornari, T. Fractionation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) by supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2011, 55, 949–954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinilla, J.M.; López-Padilla, A.; Vicente, G.; Fornari, T.; Quintela, J.C.; Reglero, G. Recovery of betulinic acid from plane tree (Platanus acerifolia L.). J. Supercrit. Fluids 2014, 95, 541–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zabot, G.L.; Moraes, M.N.; Meireles, M.A.A. Influence of the bed geometry on the kinetics of rosemary compounds extraction with supercritical CO2. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2014, 94, 234–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zabot, G.L.; Moraes, M.N.; Petenate, A.J.; Meireles, M.A. Influence of the bed geometry on the kinetics of the extraction of clove bud oil with supercritical CO2. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2014, 93, 56–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- NIST. Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems. In Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.; 2016. Available online: http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/ (accessed on 10 January 2015). [Google Scholar]
- Duba, K.S.; Fiori, L. Supercritical CO2 extraction of grape seed oil: Effect of process parameters on the extraction kinetics. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2015, 98, 33–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Experiment | T (K) | P (MPa) | Yield (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 313 | 10 | 1.03 |
2 | 343 | 10 | 0.08 |
3 | 313 | 30 | 2.67 * |
4 | 343 | 30 | 3.16 |
Time (min) | Yield (%) | Standard Deviation (SD) * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Kinetic 1 | Kinetic 2 | Mean Value | ||
10 | 1.24 | 1.44 | 1.34 | 0.14 |
20 | 2.53 | 2.82 | 2.67 | 0.21 |
40 | 2.92 | 3.08 | 3.00 | 0.11 |
60 | 3.02 | 3.16 | 3.09 | 0.09 |
90 | 3.07 | 3.20 | 3.14 | 0.09 |
120 | 3.11 | 3.23 | 3.17 | 0.09 |
180 | 3.16 | 3.27 | 3.22 | 0.08 |
T (min) | Experimental Yield Yexp (%) | Calculated Yield Ycal (%) | ARD * |
---|---|---|---|
10 | 1.34 | 1.30 | 2.73 |
20 | 2.67 | 2.48 | 7.39 |
40 | 3.00 | 3.02 | 0.57 |
60 | 3.09 | 3.14 | 1.65 |
90 | 3.14 | 3.17 | 1.01 |
120 | 3.17 | 3.17 | 0.02 |
180 | 3.22 | 3.18 | 1.35 |
Parameter | Small Scale (273 cm3) | Large Scale (1350 cm3) | |
---|---|---|---|
Constant v | Constant tR | ||
F (g) | 160 | 800 | 800 |
D (cm) | 4.3 | 6.7 | 6.7 |
L (cm) | 18.8 | 38.3 | 38.3 |
Q (g/min) | 32 | 77.6 | 158.2 |
v (cm/min) | 2.42 | 2.42 | 4.93 |
D/L | 0.229 | 0.175 | 0.175 |
F/Q (min) | 5.00 | 10.30 | 5.06 |
CO2/F (g/g) t = 20 min | 4.00 | 1.94 | 3.96 |
tR (min) | 4.58 | 9.32 | 4.58 |
tCER (min) | 5.70 | 5.63 | 5.63 |
tFER (min) | 28.2 | 52.9 | 28.4 |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
López-Padilla, A.; Ruiz-Rodriguez, A.; Restrepo Flórez, C.E.; Rivero Barrios, D.M.; Reglero, G.; Fornari, T. Vaccinium meridionale Swartz Supercritical CO2 Extraction: Effect of Process Conditions and Scaling Up. Materials 2016, 9, 519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9070519
López-Padilla A, Ruiz-Rodriguez A, Restrepo Flórez CE, Rivero Barrios DM, Reglero G, Fornari T. Vaccinium meridionale Swartz Supercritical CO2 Extraction: Effect of Process Conditions and Scaling Up. Materials. 2016; 9(7):519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9070519
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Padilla, Alexis, Alejandro Ruiz-Rodriguez, Claudia Estela Restrepo Flórez, Diana Marsela Rivero Barrios, Guillermo Reglero, and Tiziana Fornari. 2016. "Vaccinium meridionale Swartz Supercritical CO2 Extraction: Effect of Process Conditions and Scaling Up" Materials 9, no. 7: 519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9070519