Measles and Rubella Incidence and Molecular Epidemiology in Senegal: Temporal and Regional Trends during Twelve Years of National Surveillance, 2010–2021
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Case Definitions and Clinical Specimens
2.2. Laboratory Confirmation of Measles and Rubella Cases
2.3. Detection of Measles and Rubella Viruses by RT-PCR
2.4. Measles and Rubella Genotyping
2.5. Phylogenetic Analysis of Measles Strains
2.6. Data Management and Statistical Analysis
2.7. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Suspected and Confirmed Cases
3.2. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.3. Temporal Trends and Incidence of Confirmed Measles and Rubella
3.4. Geographical Distribution
3.5. Measles Virus Genotyping and Phylogenetic Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Suspected Cases | Measles (n = 8082) | Rubella (n = 6714) a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IgM-Positive | Equivocal | IgM-Positive | Equivocal | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Sex | |||||
Male | 4560 (57.0) | 744 (57.1) | 105 (58.7) | 277 (59.6) | 108 (51.4) |
Female | 3439 (43.0) | 559 (42.9) | 74 (41.3) | 188 (40.4) | 102 (48.6) |
Missing | 83 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.9) |
Age-group (years) | |||||
[0 to <2] | 1363 (17.2) | 272 (20.9) | 31 (17.3) | 48 (10.3) | 25 (11.7) |
[2 to <5] | 2444 (30.1) | 462 (35.5) | 57 (31.8) | 151 (32.5) | 32 (15.0) |
[5 to <15] | 3502 (44.2) | 387 (29.7) | 68 (38.0) | 244 (52.5) | 140 (65.4) |
[15 to <50] | 600 (7.6) | 153 (11.7) | 22 (12.3) | 13 (2.8) | 11 (5.1) |
50+ | 23 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) |
Missing | 150 (1.9) | 28 (2.2) | 1 (0.6) | 9 (1.9) | 5 (2.3) |
Measles vaccination status | |||||
Vaccinated b | 968 (12.0) | 35 (2.7) | 17 (9.5) | 103 (22.2) | 34 (15.9) |
Unvaccinated or unknown | 7114 (88.0) | 1268 (97.3) | 162 (90.5) | 362 (77.9) | 180 (84.1) |
Total/tested (%) | 8082 (100) | 1303/8082 (16.1) | 179/8082 (2.2) | 465/6714 (6.9) | 214/6714 (3.2) |
Tested Suspected Cases | Measles Vaccination Status a | Measles b | Rubella b | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At Least One Documented Vaccination | IgM- Positive | Equivocal | Incidence per Million People per Year | IgM- Positive | Equivocal | Incidence per Million People per Year | ||
n | n (%) c | n (%) c | n (%) c | (95% CI) d | n (%) c | n (%) c | (95% CI) d | |
Year (all regions) | ||||||||
2010 | 731 | 76 (10.4) | 344 (47.1) | 40 (5.5) | 27.1 (24.3–30.2) | 45 (12.8) | 26 (6.3) | 3.6 (2.6–4.8) |
2011 | 366 | 85 (23.2) | 18 (4.9) | 7 (1.9) | 1.4 (0.8–2.2) | 140 (40.2) | 25 (7.2) | 10.7 (9.0–12.7) |
2012 | 338 | 41 (12.1) | 46 (13.6) | 8 (2.4) | 3.4 (2.5–4.6) | 42 (14.4) | 12 (4.1) | 3.1 (2.3–4.2) |
2013 | 525 | 86 (16.4) | 13 (2.5) | 4 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 34 (6.6) | 15 (2.9) | 2.5 (1.7–3.5) |
2014 | 989 | 165 (16.6) | 16 (1.6) | 15 (1.5) | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | 105 (10.8) | 48 (4.9) | 7.4 (6.1–9.0) |
2015 | 804 | 123 (15.3) | 50 (6.2) | 6 (0.7) | 3.4 (2.6–4.5) | 18 (2.4) | 22 (2.9) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) |
2016 | 994 | 163 (16.4) | 146 (14.7) | 15 (1.5) | 9.7 (8.2–11.5) | 12 (1.4) | 16 (1.9) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) |
2017 | 510 | 81 (15.9) | 15 (2.9) | 2 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.5–1.6) | 11 (2.2) | 14 (2.7) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) |
2018 | 377 | 37 (9.8) | 7 (1.9) | 4 (1.1) | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 7 (1.9) | 5 (1.3) | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) |
2019 | 856 | 94 (11.0) | 239 (27.9) | 16 (1.9) | 14.7 (12.9–16.6) | 20 (3.2) | 17 (2.7) | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) |
2020 | 682 | 17 (2.5) | 223 (32.7) | 5 (0.7) | 13.3 (11.6–15.2) | 10 (2.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) |
2021 | 911 | 0 (0.0) | 186 (20.4) | 57 (6.3) | 10.8 (9.3–12.5) | 13 (5.8) | 8 (3.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.3) |
Region e (2010–2021) | ||||||||
Dakar | 1952 | 272 (13.9) | 508 (26.0) | 46 (2.4) | 13.0 (11.9–14.1) | 97 (6.8) | 32 (2.2) | 2.5 (2.0–3.0) |
Diourbel | 368 | 27 (7.3) | 46 (12.5) | 7 (1.9) | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) | 9 (2.9) | 4 (1.3) | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) |
Fatick | 467 | 35 (7.5) | 48 (10.3) | 7 (1.5) | 4.8 (3.6–6.4) | 36 (8.6) | 10 (2.4) | 3.6 (2.5–5.0) |
Kaffrine | 547 | 48 (8.8) | 31 (5.7) | 10 (1.8) | 3.9 (2.7–5.6) | 19 (3.7) | 18 (3.5) | 2.4 (1.5–3.8) |
Kaolack | 448 | 47 (10.5) | 39 (8.7) | 9 (2.0) | 3.2 (2.3–4.4) | 19 (4.7) | 11 (2.7) | 1.6 (0.9–2.4) |
Kédougou | 455 | 30 (6.6) | 139 (30.6) | 15 (3.3) | 70.9 (59.6–83.7) | 14 (4.5) | 17 (5.5) | 7.1 (3.9–12.0) |
Kolda | 269 | 43 (16.0) | 59 (21.9) | 4 (1.5) | 6.8 (5.2–8.7) | 9 (4.3) | 5 (2.4) | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) |
Louga | 438 | 71 (16.2) | 63 (14.4) | 8 (1.8) | 5.4 (4.1–6.9) | 25 (6.8) | 19 (5.1) | 2.1 (1.4–3.2) |
Matam | 330 | 18 (5.5) | 72 (21.8) | 3 (0.9) | 9.2 (7.2–11.6) | 9 (3.5) | 12 (4.7) | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) |
Sédhiou | 335 | 26 (7.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (1.5) | 0.0 (0.0–0.6) | 13 (3.9) | 12 (3.6) | 2.1 (1.1–3.6) |
St. Louis | 323 | 28 (8.7) | 51 (15.8) | 12 (3.7) | 4.2 (3.1–5.6) | 24 (8.9) | 11 (4.1) | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) |
Tambacounda | 658 | 37 (5.6) | 119 (18.1) | 24 (3.7) | 5.6 (3.8–7.9) | 28 (5.3) | 14 (2.7) | 3.0 (2.0–4.3) |
Thiès | 1056 | 201 (19.0) | 107 (10.1) | 22 (2.1) | 4.6 (3.8–5.6) | 140 (14.9) | 32 (3.4) | 6.0 (5.1–7.1) |
Ziguinchor | 431 | 85 (19.7) | 18 (4.2) | 7 (1.6) | 2.1 (1.2–3.3) | 21 (5.1) | 17 (4.1) | 2.5 (1.5–3.8) |
Total | 8082 | 968 (12.0) | 1303 (16.1) | 179 (2.2) | 7.3 (6.9–7.7) | 465 (6.9) | 214 (3.1) | 2.6 (2.4–2.8) |
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Jallow, M.M.; Sadio, B.D.; Mendy, M.P.; Sy, S.; Fall, A.; Kiori, D.; Ndiaye, N.K.; Diaw, Y.; Goudiaby, D.; Diop, B.; et al. Measles and Rubella Incidence and Molecular Epidemiology in Senegal: Temporal and Regional Trends during Twelve Years of National Surveillance, 2010–2021. Viruses 2022, 14, 2273. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102273
Jallow MM, Sadio BD, Mendy MP, Sy S, Fall A, Kiori D, Ndiaye NK, Diaw Y, Goudiaby D, Diop B, et al. Measles and Rubella Incidence and Molecular Epidemiology in Senegal: Temporal and Regional Trends during Twelve Years of National Surveillance, 2010–2021. Viruses. 2022; 14(10):2273. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102273
Chicago/Turabian StyleJallow, Mamadou Malado, Bacary Djilocalisse Sadio, Marie Pedapa Mendy, Sara Sy, Amary Fall, Davy Kiori, Ndiendé Koba Ndiaye, Yague Diaw, Déborah Goudiaby, Boly Diop, and et al. 2022. "Measles and Rubella Incidence and Molecular Epidemiology in Senegal: Temporal and Regional Trends during Twelve Years of National Surveillance, 2010–2021" Viruses 14, no. 10: 2273. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102273