Analysis of the Land Use and Cover Changes in the Metropolitan Area of Tepic-Xalisco (1973–2015) through Landsat Images
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.3. Methodology
3. Satellite Images Classification
3.1. Pre-Processing
3.2. Processing
3.3. Post-Processing
3.4. Analysis of Land Use and Cover Changes
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Satellite Images Classification
4.2. Classification Validation
4.3. Analysis of Land Use Changes
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Description | Image | Description | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Landsat 1 (1973) Multispectral Scanner System (MSS) Sensor LM10320451973043GDS03 Scene Spatial resolution 60 m Acquisition date 12 February 1973 Composition V-A-R | Landsat 5 (1985) Thematic Mapper (TM) Sensor LT50300451985139AAA03 Scene Spatial resolution 60 m Acquisition date 5 May 1985 Composition NIR-SWIR-R | ||
Landsat 7 (2000) Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) Sensor LE70300452000045EDC00 Scene Spatial resolution 30 m Acquisition date 14 February 2000 Composition NIR-SWIR-R | Landsat 8 (2015) Operational Land Imager (OLI) Sensor LO80300452015062LGN01 Scene Spatial resolution 30 m Acquisition date 3 April 2015 Composition NIR-SWIR-R |
Class No. | Class | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | Urban | Includes urban and industrial areas. |
2 | Agricultural | Periodic and temporary irrigation agriculture. |
3 | Water bodies | Water bodies, lakes and rivers. |
4 | Secondary vegetation | Includes arbustive (scrub and grassland) and arboreal vegetation of low or scarce density. |
5 | Forest | High density arboreal vegetation. |
Year Evaluated | SVMs | MLC | ANNs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General Accuracy | Kappa Index | General Accuracy | Kappa Index | General Accuracy | Kappa Index | |
1973 | 98.7% | 0.98 | 97.7% | 0.96 | 97.7% | 0.96 |
1985 | 89.0% | 0.85 | 92.5% | 0.90 | 96.5% | 0.95 |
2000 | 89.3% | 0.85 | 82.1% | 0.76 | 92.7% | 0.90 |
2015 | 90.4% | 0.87 | 86.1% | 0.81 | 86.1% | 0.81 |
Classified Image | Class | SVMs | MLC | ANNs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Producer’s Accuracy (%) | User’s Accuracy (%) | Producer’s Accuracy (%) | User’s Accuracy (%) | Producer’s Accuracy (%) | User’s Accuracy (%) | ||
Landsat 1 MSS (1973) | Urban | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Agricultural | 97 | 100 | 96 | 99 | 95 | 100 | |
Water body | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Secondary vegetation | 100 | 95 | 100 | 93 | 100 | 98 | |
Forest | 99 | 100 | 96 | 100 | 98 | 94 | |
Landsat 5 TM (1985) | Urban | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 83 | 199 |
Agricultural | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 98 | |
Water body | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 90 | |
Secondary vegetation | 68 | 100 | 82 | 100 | 99 | 94 | |
Forest | 100 | 74 | 100 | 83 | 93 | 100 | |
Landsat 7 ETM (2000) | Urban | 100 | 100 | 100 | 56 | 100 | 39 |
Agricultural | 100 | 100 | 93 | 100 | 89 | 98 | |
Water body | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Secondary vegetation | 56 | 100 | 63 | 100 | 86 | 100 | |
Forest | 100 | 67 | 100 | 71 | 100 | 89 | |
Landsat 8 OLI (2015) | Urban | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 94 | 89 |
Agricultural | 100 | 80 | 100 | 94 | 95 | 84 | |
Water body | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 95 | |
Secondary vegetation | 72 | 100 | 44 | 100 | 71 | 69 | |
Forest | 100 | 96 | 100 | 76 | 83 | 93 | |
Mean | 95 | 96 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 96 |
Classification Method | Class | Description | 1973 | 1985 | 2000 | 2015 | Annual Rate (km2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (km2) | Area (%) | Area (km2) | Area (%) | Area (km2) | Area (%) | Area (km2) | Area (%) | ||||
SVMs | 1 | Urban | 6.8 | 1 | 19.2 | 2 | 40.0 | 4 | 68.8 | 8 | 1.48 |
2 | Agricultural | 151.1 | 17 | 215.1 | 24 | 342.8 | 38 | 211.3 | 23 | 1.43 | |
3 | Water body | 1.1 | 0 | 1.4 | 0 | 1.5 | 0 | 1.4 | 0 | 0.01 | |
4 | Secondary vegetation | 322.7 | 36 | 383.7 | 43 | 243.7 | 27 | 442.8 | 49 | 2.86 | |
5 | Forest | 418.3 | 46 | 280.6 | 31 | 272.1 | 30 | 175.7 | 20 | 5.78 * | |
MLC | 1 | Urban | 6.8 | 1 | 19.2 | 2 | 39.9 | 4 | 68.6 | 8 | 1.47 |
2 | Agricultural | 179.5 | 20 | 258.1 | 29 | 234.7 | 26 | 218.5 | 24 | 0.93 | |
3 | Water body | 1.2 | 0 | 1.7 | 0 | 1.4 | 0 | 1.5 | 0 | 0.01 | |
4 | Secondary vegetation | 396.0 | 44 | 319.6 | 36 | 372.7 | 41 | 401.7 | 45 | 0.13 | |
5 | Forest | 316.4 | 35 | 301.3 | 33 | 251.3 | 28 | 209.7 | 23 | 2.54 * | |
ANNs | 1 | Urban | 6.8 | 1 | 19.2 | 2 | 39.9 | 4 | 68.8 | 8 | 1.48 |
2 | Agricultural | 140.1 | 16 | 221.3 | 25 | 314.2 | 35 | 331.1 | 37 | 4.55 | |
3 | Water body | 1.1 | 0 | 2.6 | 0 | 2.1 | 0 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.02 | |
4 | Secondary vegetation | 281.2 | 31 | 413.4 | 46 | 283.6 | 32 | 284.4 | 32 | 0.08 | |
5 | Forest | 470.8 | 52 | 243.6 | 27 | 260.2 | 29 | 213.9 | 24 | 6.12 * |
Period | Class | Area (km2) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (t1) | Total (t2) | Steady (E) | Gains (G) | Losses (L) | Interchanges (I) | Net Change (NT) | Total Change (CT) | ||
1973–1985 | Urban | 6.8 | 19.2 | 6.8 | 12.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12.4 | 12.4 |
Agricultural | 151.1 | 215.1 | 86.6 | 128.5 | 64.5 | 129.0 | 64.0 | 193.0 | |
Water body | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | |
Secondary vegetation | 322.7 | 383.7 | 229.0 | 154.7 | 93.7 | 187.4 | 61.0 | 248.4 | |
Forest | 418.3 | 280.6 | 263.0 | 17.6 | 155.3 | 35.2 | 137.7 | 172.9 | |
1985–2000 | Urban | 19.2 | 40.0 | 19.2 | 20.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 20.8 | 20.8 |
Agriculture | 215.1 | 342.8 | 171.3 | 171.5 | 43.8 | 87.6 | 127.7 | 215.3 | |
Water body | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | |
Secondary vegetation | 383.7 | 243.7 | 185.2 | 58.5 | 198.5 | 116.9 | 140.1 | 257.0 | |
Forest | 280.6 | 272.1 | 227.1 | 45.0 | 53.6 | 90.1 | 8.5 | 98.6 | |
2000–2015 | Urban | 40.0 | 68.8 | 40.0 | 28.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 28.9 | 28.9 |
Agricultural | 342.8 | 211.3 | 182.3 | 29.0 | 160.5 | 58.1 | 131.5 | 189.5 | |
Water body | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | |
Secondary vegetation | 243.7 | 442.8 | 203.7 | 239.1 | 40.0 | 79.9 | 199.1 | 279.1 | |
Forest | 272.1 | 175.7 | 161.8 | 13.9 | 110.3 | 27.8 | 96.4 | 124.2 | |
1973–2015 | Urban | 6.8 | 68.8 | 6.8 | 62.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 62.0 | 62.0 |
Agriculture | 151.1 | 211.3 | 64.4 | 146.9 | 86.7 | 173.4 | 60.3 | 233.6 | |
Water body | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Secondary vegetation | 322.7 | 442.8 | 194.2 | 248.6 | 128.5 | 257.0 | 120.1 | 377.1 | |
Forest | 418.3 | 175.7 | 166.4 | 9.3 | 251.9 | 18.5 | 242.7 | 261.1 |
From | Area (km2) | To | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1973–1985 | 1985–2000 | 2000–2015 | 1973–2015 | ||
Agricultural | 8.9 * | 7.6 * | 24.7 * | 33.1 * | Urban |
0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | Water body | |
51.3 * | 29.6 | 133.2 | 53.3 | Secondary vegetation | |
4.2 | 6.5 | 2.5 | 0.2 | Forest | |
Water body | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Urban |
0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | Agricultural | |
0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | Secondary vegetation | |
0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Forest | |
Secondary vegetation | 2.7 | 12.8 | 3.9 | 21.4 | Urban |
77.3 | 147.2 | 24.6 | 97.8 | Agricultural | |
0.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | Water body | |
13.3 | 38.5 | 11.4 | 9.0 | Forest | |
Forest | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 7.5 | Urban |
51.2 | 24.3 | 4.4 | 49.1 | Agricultural | |
0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | Water body | |
103.4 | 28.8 | 11.4 | 195.3 | Secondary vegetation |
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Share and Cite
Jiménez, A.A.; Vilchez, F.F.; González, O.N.; Flores, S.M.L.M. Analysis of the Land Use and Cover Changes in the Metropolitan Area of Tepic-Xalisco (1973–2015) through Landsat Images. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1860. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061860
Jiménez AA, Vilchez FF, González ON, Flores SMLM. Analysis of the Land Use and Cover Changes in the Metropolitan Area of Tepic-Xalisco (1973–2015) through Landsat Images. Sustainability. 2018; 10(6):1860. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061860
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiménez, Armando Avalos, Fernando Flores Vilchez, Oyolsi Nájera González, and Susana M. L. Marceleño Flores. 2018. "Analysis of the Land Use and Cover Changes in the Metropolitan Area of Tepic-Xalisco (1973–2015) through Landsat Images" Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1860. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061860