Effect of Chloride Ions on Electro-Coagulation to Treat Industrial Wastewater Containing Cu and Ni
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental and Equipment
2.2. Experimental Method
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mechanism of EC
3.2. The Effect of NaCl on Voltage and Consumed Electricity
3.3. Aluminum Dissolved Amount and Current Efficiency
3.4. The pH Variation of Wastewater during EC Operation
3.5. The Removal Efficiency of Cu and Ni Wastewater by EC Process
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Chloride ions are favored to avoid the passivation of the aluminum anode in the EC system.
- (2)
- Chloride ions used as the electrolyte can facilitate the release of Al3+, which results in the current efficiency of over 100% in the EC system.
- (3)
- For the wastewater of the PCB (printed circuit board) factory, the EC system could remove Cu2+ and Ni2+ effectively (both Cu and Ni concentration of treated wastewater were less than 1.0 mg/L within three minutes).
- (4)
- The pH value of PCB wastewater could maintain stably about 9.0 in the EC system when the initial pH value was around 2.5.
- (5)
- The estimated electricity consumption for treating PCB wastewater by the EC process was pertaining to 0.894 kWh for each meter of cubic wastewater.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Current (A) | NaCl (g L−1) | Vavg (V) | mAl(R) (mg) | Φ (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 (60 A/m2) | 1.00 | 5.24 | 28 | 100 |
1.75 | 3.82 | 35 | 125 | |
2.50 | 3.05 | 33 | 118 | |
1.0 (120 A/m2) | 1.00 | 9.27 | 66 | 118 |
1.75 | 6.15 | 75 | 134 | |
2.50 | 4.89 | 71 | 127 | |
1.5 (180 A/m2) | 1.00 | 13.10 | 102 | 122 |
1.75 | 9.06 | 98 | 117 | |
2.50 | 6.73 | 93 | 111 | |
2.0 (240 A/m2) | 1.00 | 16.70 | 138 | 123 |
1.75 | 12.03 | 144 | 129 | |
2.50 | 8.81 | 141 | 126 |
Type of Wastewater | Electrode Combination | Optimum Initial pH | EC Time | Optimum Current Density or Current | % Pollutant Removal | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Municipal wastewater | Al-Al | 7.4−8.5 | 20 min | 4 mA/cm2 | 90% for COD,94.56% for turbidity and 49.78% for TDS | Nawarkar, et.al., 2019 [35] |
Textile wastewater | Fe-Al | 8 | 80 min-COD, 60 min-Color removal | 2 mA/cm2 | 90% COD, 99% for Color removal | Verma, 2017 [36] |
Metalworking fluid wastewater | Al-Al, Fe-Fe | 6.5 for Al, 7.5 for Fe | 25 min | 80 A/m2 | 94% COD (Al), 90% COD (Fe).83% TOC (Al), 80% TOC (Fe) | Demirbas, et.al., (2016) [37] |
Olive oil mill wastewater | Ti-Fe | 5.2 | 60 min | 39.06, 78.1 and 117.18 A/m2 | COD and phenolic compounds were 99.89%, 96.14% and 89.97% | Yazdanbakhsh, et.al., (2013) [38] |
Printed circuit board (PCB) industrial Wastewater | Al-Graphite | 3.0 | 3–8 min | 1.0 A | 3 min < (Cu&Ni) 1.0mg/L, 100% removal (8 min) | Present work |
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Huang, C.-H.; Shen, S.-Y.; Chen, C.-W.; Dong, C.-D.; Kumar, M.; Dakshinamoorthy, B.; Chang, J.-H. Effect of Chloride Ions on Electro-Coagulation to Treat Industrial Wastewater Containing Cu and Ni. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7693. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187693
Huang C-H, Shen S-Y, Chen C-W, Dong C-D, Kumar M, Dakshinamoorthy B, Chang J-H. Effect of Chloride Ions on Electro-Coagulation to Treat Industrial Wastewater Containing Cu and Ni. Sustainability. 2020; 12(18):7693. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187693
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Chien-Hung, Shan-Yi Shen, Chiu-Wen Chen, Cheng-Di Dong, Mohanraj Kumar, Balasubramanian Dakshinamoorthy, and Jih-Hsing Chang. 2020. "Effect of Chloride Ions on Electro-Coagulation to Treat Industrial Wastewater Containing Cu and Ni" Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7693. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187693