Sustainable Development and Energy Policy: Actual CO2 Emissions in the European Union in the Years 1997–2017, Considering Trade with China and the USA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- SB—the EU balance of CO2 emissions;
- EOC—the EU Official-Closed CO2 emissions;
- EOCC—Official-Closed CO2 emission of the Country of origin of EU imports;
- Ex—the Value of EU exports;
- Im—the Value of EU imports from a particular country;
- GDP—EU gross domestic product;
- (Im/GDP)%—import as a share of the GDP of a particular country from with the EU imports;
- (Ex/GDP)%—export as share of EU GDP exported to a particular country;
- (Im/GDP)%*EOCC—quantity of imported CO2 embedded in goods and services from a particular country into the EU;
- (Ex/GDP)%*EOCb—Quantity of exported CO2 from the EU to the particular country embedded in goods and services;
- EAO—Actual-Open CO2 emissions.
3. Results
3.1. Official-Closed Emission of the USA, China, and the EU
3.2. Actual-Open Emission of CO2—Considering EU Trade with China and the USA
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1990 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | |
EU (27) | 4351.1 | 4100.8 | 4114.2 | 4065.2 | 4065 | 4133.8 | 4116.6 | 4213.6 | 4235.6 | 4235.9 | 4270.2 |
China | 2326.50 | 3166.69 | 3163.74 | 3294.66 | 3362.70 | 3525.03 | 3845.45 | 4534.39 | 5337.03 | 6099.48 | 6677.86 |
USA | 4946.6 | 5490.3 | 5528.4 | 5577.1 | 5748.3 | 5636.8 | 5651.9 | 5717.5 | 5816 | 5851.3 | 5771 |
EU, USA, CHINA | 11,624.2 | 12,757.79 | 12,806.34 | 12,936.96 | 13,176 | 13,295.63 | 13,613.95 | 14,465.49 | 15,388.63 | 16,186.68 | 16,719.06 |
WORLD | 21,290.1 | 22,741.1 | 22,792.8 | 23,115.5 | 23,667.6 | 23,981.9 | 24,502.1 | 25,715.7 | 27,043.7 | 28,142.5 | 290,188 |
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
EU (27) | 4207 | 4127.7 | 3837.8 | 3921.7 | 3806.5 | 3753.4 | 3663.8 | 3465.2 | 3501.8 | 3512.1 | 3542.7 |
China | 7240.33 | 7378.53 | 7708.83 | 8135.25 | 8805.84 | 8991.48 | 9237.72 | 9223.73 | 9174.62 | 9118.95 | 9229.78 |
USA | 5861.1 | 5675.7 | 5263.9 | 5465.6 | 5355.7 | 5137 | 5260.5 | 5300.4 | 5153.7 | 5053.7 | 5014.4 |
EU, USA, CHINA | 17,308.43 | 17,181.93 | 16,810.53 | 17,522.55 | 17,968.04 | 17,881.88 | 18,162.02 | 17,989.33 | 17,830.12 | 17,684.75 | 17,786.88 |
WORLD | 30,047.6 | 30,336.7 | 29,719.4 | 31,057.9 | 31,978.3 | 32,316.7 | 32,799.9 | 32,844.8 | 32,804.4 | 32,913.5 | 33,242.5 |
1990 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | |
EU (27) | 20.44% | 18.03% | 18.05% | 17.59% | 17.18% | 17.24% | 16.80% | 16.39% | 15.66% | 15.05% | 14.72% |
China | 10.93% | 13.92% | 13.88% | 14.25% | 14.21% | 14.70% | 15.69% | 17.63% | 19.73% | 21.67% | 23.01% |
USA | 23.23% | 24.14% | 24.26% | 24.13% | 24.29% | 23.50% | 23.07% | 22.23% | 21.51% | 20.79% | 19.89% |
EU, USA, CHINA | 54.60% | 56.10% | 56.19% | 55.97% | 55.67% | 55.44% | 55.56% | 56.25% | 56.90% | 57.52% | 57.61% |
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
EU (27) | 14.00% | 13.61% | 12.91% | 12.63% | 11.90% | 11.61% | 11.17% | 10.55% | 10.67% | 10.67% | 10.66% |
China | 24.10% | 24.32% | 25.94% | 26.19% | 27.54% | 27.82% | 28.16% | 28.08% | 27.97% | 27.71% | 27.76% |
USA | 19.51% | 18.71% | 17.71% | 17.60% | 16.75% | 15.90% | 16.04% | 16.14% | 15.71% | 15.35% | 15.08% |
EU, USA, CHINA | 57.60% | 56.64% | 56.56% | 56.42% | 56.19% | 55.33% | 55.37% | 54.77% | 54.35% | 53.73% | 53.51% |
1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 110.6% | 110.7% | 110.0% | 110.2% | 118.8% | 120.4% | 131.1% | 128.8% | 132.4% | 128.6% |
Belgium and Luxebourg | 105.4% | 108.1% | 103.6% | 106.7% | 107.3% | 106.3% | 111.8% | 112.0% | 109.4% | 110.7% |
Bulgaria | 75.6% | 72.5% | 62.0% | 58.4% | 63.0% | 61.1% | 65.9% | 63.5% | 65.8% | 67.4% |
Croatia | 78.6% | 84.7% | 87.4% | 82.3% | 86.0% | 91.2% | 97.7% | 94.4% | 96.7% | 97.2% |
Cyprus | 138.0% | 144.0% | 152.0% | 160.0% | 162.0% | 158.0% | 170.0% | 166.0% | 186.0% | 182.0% |
Czech Republic | 82.0% | 78.3% | 73.3% | 79.8% | 80.4% | 77.9% | 80.0% | 80.5% | 79.5% | 80.7% |
Denmark | 124.0% | 116.3% | 110.2% | 103.0% | 103.4% | 101.8% | 111.1% | 100.4% | 95.5% | 110.6% |
Estonia | 52.2% | 48.3% | 44.1% | 45.4% | 46.5% | 46.5% | 51.2% | 52.7% | 51.2% | 49.9% |
Finland | 109.7% | 105.2% | 104.7% | 103.8% | 112.3% | 117.9% | 132.5% | 121.7% | 103.3% | 121.0% |
France | 98.0% | 104.1% | 104.0% | 103.3% | 103.7% | 102.8% | 104.7% | 105.2% | 105.5% | 102.9% |
Germany | 88.1% | 87.1% | 84.9% | 84.7% | 86.3% | 85.0% | 85.5% | 84.1% | 82.0% | 83.8% |
Greece | 114.0% | 120.6% | 118.6% | 125.4% | 128.1% | 127.2% | 131.2% | 131.5% | 132.1% | 133.3% |
Hungary | 79.4% | 80.0% | 81.7% | 76.6% | 79.0% | 77.2% | 80.7% | 78.9% | 79.2% | 78.9% |
Ireland | 120.3% | 129.0% | 135.8% | 140.0% | 149.7% | 147.4% | 146.1% | 146.8% | 153.9% | 153.2% |
Italy | 102.8% | 106.1% | 107.2% | 108.3% | 107.6% | 108.1% | 112.7% | 117.2% | 117.5% | 117.0% |
Latvia | 45.1% | 43.5% | 40.2% | 37.5% | 41.8% | 42.9% | 42.4% | 46.2% | 47.3% | 45.7% |
Lithuania | 39.1% | 40.7% | 35.2% | 30.2% | 33.5% | 32.1% | 32.7% | 34.1% | 36.3% | 37.1% |
Netherlands | 111.7% | 112.3% | 110.6% | 111.5% | 116.6% | 116.7% | 116.7% | 120.0% | 121.3% | 120.1% |
Poland | 93.5% | 88.3% | 86.4% | 80.1% | 79.6% | 78.7% | 81.1% | 80.7% | 82.1% | 85.6% |
Portugal | 129.1% | 143.9% | 157.9% | 155.4% | 152.9% | 161.2% | 151.9% | 156.1% | 163.2% | 151.1% |
Romania | 64.5% | 57.0% | 48.3% | 49.7% | 51.0% | 52.7% | 55.0% | 55.5% | 52.9% | 55.7% |
Slovakia | 72.9% | 72.5% | 70.7% | 67.3% | 70.3% | 69.6% | 70.2% | 68.4% | 69.8% | 67.3% |
Slovenia | 114.3% | 110.5% | 107.5% | 105.3% | 110.5% | 112.0% | 111.3% | 112.8% | 114.3% | 118.0% |
Spain | 122.0% | 126.9% | 138.1% | 143.2% | 145.1% | 153.7% | 156.5% | 166.3% | 172.5% | 169.7% |
Sweden | 91.0% | 101.6% | 96.9% | 85.7% | 87.9% | 88.9% | 95.6% | 92.0% | 89.8% | 91.3% |
United Kingdom | 93.5% | 93.8% | 92.2% | 94.9% | 96.8% | 93.4% | 95.1% | 96.0% | 97.2% | 97.8% |
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 122.0% | 123.4% | 112.5% | 121.8% | 111.6% | 108.1% | 106.6% | 100.9% | 106.3% | 106.8% | 111.8% |
Belgium and Luxebourg | 110.1% | 111.1% | 101.7% | 108.4% | 98.6% | 95.3% | 95.6% | 89.8% | 94.7% | 96.0% | 98.2% |
Bulgaria | 71.9% | 68.1% | 58.8% | 61.6% | 68.2% | 62.0% | 55.2% | 58.3% | 62.0% | 58.1% | 61.6% |
Croatia | 102.3% | 98.1% | 92.1% | 88.4% | 85.1% | 77.2% | 74.9% | 73.5% | 75.3% | 77.7% | 79.5% |
Cyprus | 186.0% | 190.0% | 184.0% | 176.0% | 174.0% | 162.0% | 146.0% | 146.0% | 150.0% | 162.0% | 166.0% |
Czech Republic | 80.4% | 77.3% | 73.0% | 74.9% | 72.6% | 70.2% | 67.5% | 65.5% | 66.3% | 67.5% | 66.3% |
Denmark | 101.8% | 97.1% | 90.7% | 91.9% | 83.2% | 73.5% | 77.8% | 71.9% | 65.9% | 68.1% | 63.6% |
Estonia | 57.7% | 54.8% | 49.1% | 60.1% | 62.4% | 61.4% | 64.2% | 63.4% | 58.5% | 59.0% | 63.7% |
Finland | 117.4% | 104.3% | 99.8% | 113.9% | 100.2% | 89.6% | 92.0% | 84.3% | 77.7% | 83.8% | 79.0% |
France | 100.4% | 100.4% | 96.4% | 97.8% | 90.6% | 91.0% | 90.9% | 81.8% | 84.0% | 85.3% | 86.9% |
Germany | 80.5% | 80.4% | 74.9% | 77.8% | 75.9% | 76.8% | 79.2% | 74.6% | 75.0% | 76.4% | 76.0% |
Greece | 138.7% | 131.8% | 126.2% | 116.2% | 115.5% | 108.7% | 98.4% | 94.1% | 90.9% | 87.0% | 93.3% |
Hungary | 76.7% | 75.0% | 66.5% | 67.3% | 69.4% | 63.3% | 59.7% | 58.3% | 62.2% | 62.8% | 66.1% |
Ireland | 156.1% | 154.5% | 138.7% | 137.4% | 124.5% | 124.8% | 121.0% | 120.0% | 125.8% | 130.6% | 127.1% |
Italy | 114.7% | 111.2% | 100.5% | 102.0% | 99.5% | 96.2% | 88.0% | 82.2% | 85.4% | 85.5% | 86.2% |
Latvia | 47.8% | 46.7% | 42.9% | 50.0% | 45.1% | 43.5% | 43.5% | 41.8% | 42.4% | 44.6% | 43.5% |
Lithuania | 36.6% | 36.8% | 33.5% | 36.6% | 34.3% | 34.3% | 32.4% | 30.5% | 31.3% | 32.4% | 33.8% |
Netherlands | 119.6% | 118.1% | 113.6% | 118.6% | 114.5% | 110.9% | 108.1% | 102.5% | 106.8% | 108.6% | 105.1% |
Poland | 84.8% | 85.3% | 81.6% | 86.3% | 86.3% | 82.1% | 82.8% | 78.3% | 78.3% | 81.7% | 84.3% |
Portugal | 147.1% | 144.6% | 142.6% | 129.1% | 128.8% | 127.1% | 123.6% | 123.6% | 134.6% | 132.8% | 144.9% |
Romania | 53.5% | 52.4% | 44.7% | 43.5% | 46.7% | 44.9% | 38.8% | 39.1% | 39.6% | 38.9% | 40.7% |
Slovakia | 63.5% | 65.6% | 60.6% | 65.1% | 60.6% | 58.2% | 59.5% | 53.9% | 54.4% | 55.5% | 59.3% |
Slovenia | 118.0% | 126.3% | 112.8% | 114.3% | 114.3% | 110.5% | 106.0% | 94.7% | 95.5% | 102.3% | 101.5% |
Spain | 175.2% | 163.0% | 145.4% | 138.2% | 142.8% | 142.1% | 127.6% | 126.5% | 133.8% | 130.6% | 138.7% |
Sweden | 87.6% | 83.0% | 79.0% | 83.9% | 76.9% | 72.8% | 71.0% | 68.3% | 68.6% | 69.1% | 67.9% |
United Kingdom | 96.2% | 94.9% | 87.0% | 89.8% | 83.5% | 86.3% | 84.0% | 77.1% | 73.9% | 69.9% | 68.0% |
1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | |
EU (27) | 4190.34 | 4226.34 | 4169.72 | 4197.26 | 4261.63 | 4245.03 | 4387.04 | 4480.65 | 4550.64 | 4664.66 | 4698.85 |
% | 102.00% | 102.45% | 102.45% | 103.02% | 102.84% | 102.90% | 103.71% | 105.37% | 107.10% | 108.86% | 111.32% |
China | 3119.57 | 3095.28 | 3223.65 | 3269.12 | 3430.40 | 3740.07 | 4388.96 | 5122.42 | 5808.00 | 6310.26 | 6786.04 |
% | 98.51% | 97.84% | 97.84% | 97.22% | 97.32% | 97.26% | 96.79% | 95.98% | 95.22% | 94.50% | 93.73% |
USA | 5455.37 | 5495.92 | 5548.59 | 5718.92 | 5613.69 | 5637.64 | 5705.89 | 5802.26 | 5841.04 | 5758.93 | 5837.53 |
% | 99.36% | 99.41% | 99.49% | 99.49% | 99.59% | 99.75% | 99.80% | 99.76% | 99.82% | 99.79% | 99.60% |
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
EU (27) | 4698.85 | 4697.87 | 4259.51 | 4417.87 | 4315.04 | 4207.15 | 4099.11 | 3917.14 | 3905.40 | 3877.08 | 3915.59 |
% | 111.32% | 113.39% | 110.92% | 112.32% | 113.42% | 112.28% | 112.07% | 113.50% | 111.76% | 110.57% | 110.60% |
China | 6786.04 | 6852.66 | 7313.54 | 7671.31 | 8319.05 | 8544.70 | 8812.35 | 8775.46 | 8776.37 | 8758.28 | 8869.73 |
% | 93.73% | 92.87% | 94.87% | 94.30% | 94.47% | 95.03% | 95.40% | 95.14% | 95.66% | 96.04% | 96.10% |
USA | 5837.53 | 5646.81 | 5239.88 | 5444.97 | 5331.95 | 5123.52 | 5244.46 | 5282.63 | 5140.95 | 5043.78 | 4999.06 |
% | 99.60% | 99.49% | 99.54% | 99.62% | 99.56% | 99.74% | 99.70% | 99.66% | 99.75% | 99.80% | 99.69% |
1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 114.47% | 114.82% | 114.08% | 114.70% | 122.82% | 124.43% | 135.94% | 135.03% | 141.09% | 139.90% |
Belgium& Luxembourg | 109.91% | 113.04% | 108.75% | 112.60% | 112.72% | 111.69% | 118.90% | 121.95% | 122.16% | 125.73% |
Bulgaria | 75.37% | 72.35% | 61.87% | 58.23% | 62.60% | 60.85% | 65.68% | 63.66% | 66.63% | 68.88% |
Croatia | 79.44% | 85.54% | 88.27% | 83.17% | 87.35% | 93.10% | 100.57% | 98.95% | 102.97% | 105.73% |
Cyprus | 146.48% | 150.87% | 158.28% | 167.42% | 170.72% | 168.09% | 181.55% | 174.16% | 196.64% | 195.68% |
Czech Republic | 82.22% | 78.79% | 73.81% | 80.32% | 81.07% | 79.24% | 81.81% | 83.17% | 82.53% | 85.47% |
Denmark | 126.76% | 119.82% | 113.78% | 106.69% | 106.58% | 105.29% | 115.55% | 107.21% | 104.64% | 122.21% |
Estonia | 52.06% | 48.17% | 43.72% | 44.65% | 47.22% | 46.96% | 51.82% | 53.26% | 52.48% | 51.17% |
Finland | 110.61% | 106.41% | 106.22% | 105.65% | 113.36% | 119.13% | 134.62% | 125.23% | 110.34% | 131.45% |
France | 101.90% | 108.90% | 108.87% | 108.69% | 108.77% | 107.89% | 110.98% | 114.17% | 116.76% | 116.00% |
Germany | 89.53% | 89.07% | 86.83% | 86.96% | 88.40% | 86.97% | 88.29% | 88.62% | 88.16% | 91.65% |
Greece | 115.08% | 122.26% | 120.23% | 127.12% | 129.82% | 129.24% | 134.24% | 135.47% | 136.60% | 137.80% |
Hungary | 79.67% | 80.46% | 82.11% | 77.65% | 80.80% | 80.54% | 86.30% | 83.72% | 85.65% | 86.46% |
Ireland | 124.55% | 133.20% | 138.71% | 141.53% | 149.55% | 145.90% | 147.00% | 153.33% | 165.98% | 170.53% |
Italy | 104.30% | 107.95% | 108.95% | 110.47% | 109.67% | 110.44% | 115.87% | 121.62% | 123.17% | 124.37% |
Latvia | 45.03% | 43.55% | 40.31% | 37.45% | 42.02% | 43.10% | 42.44% | 46.67% | 48.27% | 47.49% |
Lithuania | 39.08% | 40.78% | 35.21% | 30.42% | 33.94% | 32.68% | 33.75% | 35.05% | 37.80% | 39.07% |
Netherlands | 116.75% | 118.07% | 116.42% | 119.28% | 124.62% | 124.43% | 126.98% | 135.37% | 141.40% | 144.63% |
Poland | 93.81% | 88.73% | 86.85% | 80.54% | 80.10% | 79.23% | 81.93% | 81.83% | 83.84% | 88.22% |
Portugal | 130.37% | 145.38% | 159.27% | 156.98% | 154.54% | 162.03% | 152.84% | 157.85% | 165.35% | 153.72% |
Romania | 64.46% | 57.02% | 48.25% | 49.65% | 51.03% | 52.60% | 55.14% | 56.13% | 54.00% | 57.51% |
Slovakia | 73.18% | 73.17% | 71.06% | 67.60% | 70.83% | 70.30% | 70.34% | 68.97% | 71.55% | 69.98% |
Slovenia | 115.16% | 112.01% | 109.18% | 106.86% | 112.28% | 114.21% | 113.67% | 117.38% | 120.78% | 126.12% |
Spain | 124.64% | 130.19% | 141.62% | 146.87% | 148.53% | 157.35% | 161.45% | 173.46% | 182.52% | 182.35% |
Sweden | 92.59% | 103.19% | 98.88% | 88.53% | 89.95% | 90.86% | 98.14% | 95.99% | 95.46% | 99.49% |
United Kingdom | 96.01% | 96.82% | 95.04% | 99.34% | 101.17% | 97.66% | 100.04% | 102.55% | 105.09% | 107.56% |
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 134.88% | 140.47% | 126.13% | 136.14% | 128.65% | 124.84% | 123.53% | 118.39% | 120.74% | 114.50% | 125.36% |
Belgium& Luxembourg | 129.84% | 133.53% | 116.80% | 124.06% | 117.65% | 112.07% | 113.75% | 107.51% | 109.85% | 109.54% | 111.20% |
Bulgaria | 74.32% | 71.49% | 60.78% | 62.10% | 68.76% | 62.13% | 55.32% | 58.61% | 62.12% | 58.53% | 61.73% |
Croatia | 113.53% | 111.72% | 101.45% | 97.28% | 94.34% | 85.77% | 78.93% | 76.93% | 78.26% | 80.46% | 82.24% |
Cyprus | 210.44% | 228.91% | 196.31% | 193.34% | 201.60% | 170.28% | 154.08% | 152.99% | 159.89% | 169.73% | 171.23% |
Czech Republic | 88.18% | 87.87% | 81.27% | 86.17% | 85.89% | 80.41% | 77.37% | 76.40% | 77.35% | 77.06% | 76.71% |
Denmark | 115.87% | 113.27% | 101.90% | 105.34% | 96.79% | 86.42% | 89.88% | 84.72% | 76.82% | 78.02% | 72.42% |
Estonia | 60.35% | 57.36% | 50.49% | 60.89% | 63.03% | 63.68% | 66.94% | 65.74% | 60.10% | 59.67% | 65.13% |
Finland | 130.52% | 118.39% | 108.70% | 122.25% | 104.93% | 100.44% | 100.07% | 92.47% | 84.20% | 89.64% | 84.94% |
France | 116.38% | 119.02% | 112.26% | 114.99% | 109.66% | 108.85% | 108.35% | 99.33% | 99.05% | 99.05% | 100.93% |
Germany | 89.73% | 91.14% | 83.74% | 88.32% | 86.77% | 86.09% | 87.46% | 83.33% | 82.89% | 83.78% | 83.50% |
Greece | 145.98% | 140.55% | 133.41% | 122.32% | 120.78% | 112.80% | 101.81% | 98.32% | 94.29% | 90.71% | 96.48% |
Hungary | 85.99% | 87.31% | 75.73% | 78.18% | 79.62% | 70.80% | 67.83% | 64.00% | 67.49% | 67.35% | 70.92% |
Ireland | 176.80% | 170.88% | 146.04% | 139.87% | 128.20% | 129.18% | 128.85% | 127.67% | 137.38% | 137.62% | 139.48% |
Italy | 124.16% | 122.52% | 108.83% | 112.92% | 110.85% | 104.90% | 95.68% | 90.41% | 92.25% | 91.45% | 91.97% |
Latvia | 51.09% | 50.15% | 44.73% | 52.20% | 48.04% | 46.98% | 46.64% | 44.94% | 45.02% | 46.84% | 45.74% |
Lithuania | 39.75% | 40.30% | 35.22% | 38.51% | 36.32% | 36.59% | 34.63% | 33.15% | 33.28% | 34.08% | 35.43% |
Netherlands | 150.15% | 149.95% | 136.16% | 147.75% | 144.52% | 139.59% | 136.68% | 133.68% | 130.95% | 129.61% | 127.19% |
Poland | 88.87% | 91.27% | 85.95% | 91.28% | 91.27% | 87.09% | 87.96% | 84.32% | 83.69% | 86.92% | 89.85% |
Portugal | 151.72% | 151.85% | 147.91% | 135.49% | 135.34% | 136.83% | 133.22% | 128.34% | 138.20% | 139.30% | 147.96% |
Romania | 55.16% | 55.03% | 46.58% | 45.66% | 48.80% | 46.44% | 40.17% | 40.67% | 41.05% | 40.22% | 42.48% |
Slovakia | 69.37% | 75.07% | 67.03% | 72.26% | 68.27% | 66.33% | 69.27% | 64.49% | 64.05% | 64.07% | 66.41% |
Slovenia | 130.80% | 143.35% | 125.77% | 129.33% | 130.07% | 124.68% | 119.21% | 109.07% | 108.56% | 112.07% | 119.20% |
Spain | 192.13% | 183.72% | 158.38% | 152.80% | 157.51% | 154.85% | 140.22% | 140.00% | 146.49% | 142.36% | 150.59% |
Sweden | 98.79% | 95.22% | 88.27% | 97.49% | 89.28% | 84.93% | 82.42% | 80.18% | 79.12% | 78.12% | 76.63% |
United Kingdom | 107.79% | 107.42% | 97.03% | 100.75% | 95.22% | 97.38% | 94.71% | 89.02% | 84.99% | 80.19% | 77.56% |
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Fortuński, B. Sustainable Development and Energy Policy: Actual CO2 Emissions in the European Union in the Years 1997–2017, Considering Trade with China and the USA. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3363. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083363
Fortuński B. Sustainable Development and Energy Policy: Actual CO2 Emissions in the European Union in the Years 1997–2017, Considering Trade with China and the USA. Sustainability. 2020; 12(8):3363. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083363
Chicago/Turabian StyleFortuński, Bartosz. 2020. "Sustainable Development and Energy Policy: Actual CO2 Emissions in the European Union in the Years 1997–2017, Considering Trade with China and the USA" Sustainability 12, no. 8: 3363. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083363