Assessment of the Annual Transmission Heat Loss Reduction of a Refurbished Existing Building with an Advanced Solar Selective Thermal Insulation System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reference Model of the Solar Selective Thermal Insulation System (SATIS)
2.2. Parameter Sensitivity Analysis
- Length () and shape (solid/hollow cylinder) of the closure element.
- Short-wave absorption coefficient of the absorber ().
- Front and rear diameter of the stepped hole (/) of the light conducting element.
- Area share of the LCE on the outside surface of the wall ().
2.3. Yearly Simulation Models
2.4. Simplified Computational Methodology for 1D Simulation Tools
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Influence of the Construction Parameters on the Effective Thermal Conductivity
3.2. Influence of the Construction Parameters on the Total Solar Energy Transmittance
3.3. Yearly Energetic Performance of the Solar Selective Thermal Insulation System (SATIS)
4. Conclusions
- In terms of effective thermal conductivity, the greatest reduction of this quantity was achieved by shortening the length of the closure element to 5 mm, which lowered the effective thermal conductivity by −14.8% compared to the prototype (20 mm).
- Increasing the diameters of the stepped hole or the area share of the light conducting element (LCE) resulted in an increase in the effective thermal conductivity.
- Increasing the area share of the LCE on the outside surface of the wall from 26.4% to 50.3% resulted in a significant increase in the total solar energy transmittance at the design angle of SATIS of 19° (from 11.7% to 19.1%) and in the immediate vicinity of this angle. At higher incidence angles (e.g., 60°), only small increases in total solar energy transmittance in the order of 1% occurred.
- The front and rear diameter of the stepped hole were also identified as key parameters to increase the total solar energy transmittance in the immediate vicinity of the design angle. A reduction in the L/D ratio of the LCE, e.g., through using diameters of 12 mm/9 mm instead of 8 mm/6 mm, results in additional solar gains. Furthermore, the importance of aligned light rays penetrating the LCE increases with rising the L/D ratio.
- In the yearly investigation, the variant SATIS #1, which deviates only slightly from the developed SATIS prototype (cf. Section 2.3), shows a reduced heat loss by 3% compared to the wall construction insulated with the same thermal insulation plaster, but without SATIS over the period from 22.09. to 20.05. (heating threshold temperature of 15 °C). Moreover, SATIS #2, which was optimized on the basis of the results of the parameter sensitivity analysis, shows a reduction in transmission heat losses of 11.8% over the same time period.
- If the heat gain released to the indoor space during the remaining period (21.05.–21.09.) is compared with the solar gains during the heating period (22.09.–20.05.), it can be observed that the absolute winter energy gain due to the modification of SATIS from #1 to #2 increases by 2.82 , while the summer additional heat gain amounts to only 0.86 .
- The radiant heat flow map used for the 1D model was created with step sizes of the independent quantities of and using ray tracing simulations at a reference intensity of 1000 . Using SATIS #1, an integral yearly agreement of 98% of the 1D with the 3D model could be achieved with a reduction of the computation time from 312.5 h to 6.25 h.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wong, I.L.; Eames, P.C.; Perera, R.S. A review of transparent insulation systems and the evaluation of payback period for building applications. Sol. Energy 2007, 81, 1058–1071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaushika, N.D.; Sumathy, K. Solar transparent insulation materials: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2003, 7, 317–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paneri, A.; Wong, I.L.; Burek, S. Transparent insulation materials: An overview on past, present and future developments. Sol. Energy 2019, 184, 59–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Russ, C. Einsatz transparenter Wärmedämmung zur Gebäudesanierung. In Energie; Hoffmann, V.U., Thiele, R., Eds.; Vieweg+Teubner Verlag: Wiesbaden, Germany, 1994; Volume 3, pp. 82–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Symons, J.G. The Solar Transmittance of Some Convection Suppression Devices for Solar Energy Applications: An Experimental Study. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 1982, 104, 251–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Platzer, W.J. Directional-hemispherical solar transmittance data for plastic honeycomb-type structures. Sol. Energy 1992, 49, 359–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Platzer, W.J. Total heat transport data for plastic honeycomb-type structures. Sol. Energy 1992, 49, 351–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hollands, K.; Raithby, G.D.; Russell, F.B.; Wilkinson, R.G. Coupled radiative and conductive heat transfer across honeycomb panels and through single cells. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 1984, 27, 2119–2131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schweiger, H.; Oliva, A.; Costa, M.; Perez Segarra, C.D. A Monte Carlo method for the simulation of transient radiation heat transfer: Application to compound honeycomb transparent insulation. Numer. Heat Transf. Part B Fundam. 1999, 35, 113–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kessentini, H.; Capdevila, R.; Castro, J.; Oliva, A.; Bouden, C. Three dimensional heat transfer analysis of combined conduction and radiation in honeycomb transparent insulation. Sol. Energy 2014, 105, 58–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Platzer, W.J. The ALTSET Project: Measurement of angular properties for complex glazings. In Proceedings of the EuroSun 2000, ISES Europe Solar Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 19–22 June 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Platzer, W.J. Energy performance assessment method: A step towards standardisation. In Proceedings of the EuroSun 98, the Second ISES Europe Solar Congress, Portoroz, Slovenia, 14–17 September 1998; Goetzberger, A., Ed.; Franklin: Birmingham, UK, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. Wärmeschutz und Energie-Einsparung in Gebäuden—Teil 6: Berechnung des Jahresheizwärme- und des Jahresheizenergiebedarfs. 2003. Available online: https://www.beuth.de/de/vornorm/din-v-4108-6/63939447 (accessed on 4 June 2021).
- Platzer, W.J. Bestimmung des Solaren Energiegewinns Durch Massivwände Mit Transparenter Wärmedämmung; Richtlinie des Fachverbandes Transparente Wärmedämmung e.V.: Gundelfingen, Germany, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Liang Wong, I.; Eames, P.; Perera, S. Energy simulations of a transparent insulated office facade retrofit in London, UK. Smart Sustain. Built Environ. 2012, 1, 253–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Świrska-Perkowska, J.; Kucharczyk, A.; Wyrwał, J. Energy Efficiency of a Solar Wall with Transparent Insulation in Polish Climatic Conditions. Energies 2020, 13, 859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Steininger, P.; Gaderer, M.; Steffens, O.; Dawoud, B. Experimental and Numerical Study on the Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Newly-Developed Solar Active Thermal Insulation System. Buildings 2021, 11, 123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manz, H.; Egolf, P.; Suter, P.; Goetzberger, A. TIM–PCM external wall system for solar space heating and daylighting. Sol. Energy 1997, 61, 369–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steininger, P.; Gaderer, M.; Dawoud, B. Transient performance of a solar selective thermal insulation system. In Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Advanced Building Skins, Bern, Switzerland, 21–22 October 2021; Advanced Building Skins GmbH: Lucerne, Switzerland, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Steininger, P.; Gaderer, M.; Dawoud, B. Experimental and numerical study on the solar gain and heat loss of typical existing and refurbished German buildings. iCRBE Procedia 2020, 1, 75–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franken Maxit GmbH. maxit eco 72. 2020. Available online: https://docs.maxit.de:8443/procat/assets/images/TM-DE-GEECO72.pdf (accessed on 4 June 2021).
- Lehmann, S.; Schwinger, L.; Scharfe, B.; Gerdes, T.; Ehrhardt, M.; Riechert, C.; Fischer, H.B.; Schmidt-Rodenkirchen, A.; Scharfe, F.; Wolff, F. Mikro-Hohlglaskugeln als Basis energieeffizienter Dämmung von Gebäuden. In Beiträge der Konferenz für neue Materialien im Bauwesen am 31. Januar 2018 in Berlin; Deutscher Ausschuss für Stahlbeton e.V., Ed.; Fraunhofer IRB Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 2018; pp. 21–25. [Google Scholar]
- Schott, A.G. DURAN®: Tubing, Rods and Capillaries Made of Borosilicate Glass 3.3. 2016. Available online: https://www.schott.com/d/tubing/66ee849c-cad9-42a3-97cb-67fd0534e3fb/schott_duran_brochure_gb_final.pdf (accessed on 4 June 2021).
- Kalkwerk Rygol GmbH & Co.KG. RYGOL Kalk-Gips-Leichtputz. 2018. Available online: http://www.rygol-sakret.de/fileadmin/user_upload/tm/tm_kalkgips_leichtputz_mip02_l.pdf (accessed on 4 June 2021).
- Franken Maxit GmbH. Maxit Mur 900 Dünnbettmörtel. 2017. Available online: https://docs.maxit.de:8443/procat/assets/images/TM-DE-T1MUR%20900.pdf (accessed on 4 June 2021).
- Kremer Pigmente GmbH & Co. KG. Iron Oxide Black 318, High Tinting. 2018. Available online: https://www.kremer-pigmente.com/media/pdf/48400_SDS.pdf (accessed on 4 June 2021).
- DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. Bauteile—Wärmedurchlasswiderstand und Wärmedurchgangskoeffizient— Berechnungsverfahren. 2018. Available online: https://www.beuth.de/de/norm/din-en-iso-6946/255315365 (accessed on 4 June 2021).
- Deutscher Wetterdienst. Stündliche Klimadaten. 2018. Available online: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/klimadatendeutschland/beschreibung_stundenwerte.html (accessed on 4 June 2021).
- Schild, K.; Willems, W.M. (Eds.) Wärmeschutz; Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden: Wiesbaden, Germany, 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdul Hamid, A.; Wallentén, P. Hygrothermal assessment of internally added thermal insulation on external brick walls in Swedish multifamily buildings. Build. Environ. 2017, 123, 351–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cascione, V.; Marra, E.; Zirkelbach, D.; Liuzzi, S.; Stefanizzi, P. Hygrothermal analysis of technical solutions for insulating the opaque building envelope. Energy Procedia 2017, 126, 203–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nageler, P.; Schweiger, G.; Pichler, M.; Brandl, D.; Mach, T.; Heimrath, R.; Schranzhofer, H.; Hochenauer, C. Validation of dynamic building energy simulation tools based on a real test-box with thermally activated building systems (TABS). Energy Build. 2018, 168, 42–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variant | in mm | Shape | in % | / in mm/mm | in % | Ray Alignment in ° |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | 20 | solid | 90 | 8/6 | 26.4 | |
V1 | 5 | solid | 90 | 8/6 | 26.4 | |
V2 | 10 | solid | 90 | 8/6 | 26.4 | |
V3 | 20 | hollow | 90 | 8/6 | 26.4 | |
V4 | 5 | hollow | 90 | 8/6 | 26.4 | |
V5 | 10 | hollow | 90 | 8/6 | 26.4 | |
V6 | 20 | solid | 60 | 8/6 | 26.4 | |
V7 | 20 | solid | 70 | 8/6 | 26.4 | |
V8 | 20 | solid | 80 | 8/6 | 26.4 | |
V9 | 20 | solid | 90 | 4/3 | 26.4 | |
V10 | 20 | solid | 90 | 12/9 | 26.4 | |
V11 | 20 | solid | 90 | 8/6 | 26.4 | |
V12 | 20 | solid | 90 | 4/3 | 26.4 | |
V13 | 20 | solid | 90 | 12/9 | 26.4 | |
V14 | 20 | solid | 90 | 8/6 | 34.9 | |
V15 | 20 | solid | 90 | 8/6 | 50.3 |
Model | / in mm/mm | in % | in mm | in | / in |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conv. | - | - | - | 45.0 | -/0.399 |
SATIS #1 | 8/6 | 26.4 | 10 | 48.9 | 0.424/0.396 |
SATIS #2 | 12/9 | 44.2 | 10 | 53.7 | 0.452/0.382 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Steininger, P.; Gaderer, M.; Dawoud, B. Assessment of the Annual Transmission Heat Loss Reduction of a Refurbished Existing Building with an Advanced Solar Selective Thermal Insulation System. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7336. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137336
Steininger P, Gaderer M, Dawoud B. Assessment of the Annual Transmission Heat Loss Reduction of a Refurbished Existing Building with an Advanced Solar Selective Thermal Insulation System. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7336. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137336
Chicago/Turabian StyleSteininger, Peter, Matthias Gaderer, and Belal Dawoud. 2021. "Assessment of the Annual Transmission Heat Loss Reduction of a Refurbished Existing Building with an Advanced Solar Selective Thermal Insulation System" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7336. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137336