Using Fractionation Profile of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils to Investigate Their Accumulation in Tilia sp. Leaves in Urban Areas with Different Pollution Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Areas
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Soil and Plant Analysis
2.4. Chemicals
2.5. Instrumentation
2.6. Quality Control
2.7. Determination of the Mobility Factor (MF) and Bioaccumulation Factor (BAC)
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Soil Properties
3.2. Concentration and Fractionation Profile of Selected Elements in Soil
3.3. Mobility Factor (MF) and Bioaccumulation Factor (BAC) of PTE
3.4. Elemental Concentration in Plant Leaves
3.5. Inter-Elemental Relationships in Plant and Soil Samples
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization (WHO). Environment and Health for European Cities in the 21st Century: Making a Difference; WHO Regional Office for Europe: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2017; Available online: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/341615/bookletdef.pdf (accessed on 21 June 2020).
- UN DESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2020. Available online: https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html (accessed on 11 March 2021).
- Järup, L. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br. Med. Bull. 2003, 68, 167–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhao, Z.; Hazelton, P. Evaluation of accumulation and concentration of heavy metals in different urban roadside soil types in Miranda Park, Sydney. J. Soil Sediment 2016, 16, 2548–2556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruiz, F.; Borrego, J.; González-Regalado, M.L.; López González, N.; Carro, B.; Abad, M. Impact of millennial mining activities on sediments and microfauna of the Tinto River estuary (SW Spain). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2008, 56, 1258–1264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saxena, G.; Purchase, D.; Mulla, V.; Saratale, G.D.; Bharagava, R.N. Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Sites: Eco-environmental Concerns, Field Studies, Sustainability Issues, and Future Prospects. In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1st ed.; de Voogt, P., Ed.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 71–131. [Google Scholar]
- Wong, C.S.C.; Li, X.D.; Thornton, I. Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals. Environ. Pollut. 2006, 142, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pavlović, D.; Pavlović, M.; Čakmak, D.; Kostić, O.; Jarić, S.; Sakan, S.; Đorđević, D.; Mitrović, M.; Gržetić, I.; Pavlović, P. Fractionation, mobility and contamination assessment of potentially toxic metals in urban soils in four industrial Serbian cities. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2018, 75, 335–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Adriano, D.C. Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Pavlović, M.; Rakić, T.; Pavlović, D.; Kostić, O.; Jarić, S.; Mataruga, Z.; Pavlović, P.; Mitrović, M. Seasonal variations of trace element contents in leaves and bark of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) in urban and industrial regions in Serbia. Arch. Biol. Sci. 2017, 69, 201–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Q.; Yu, R.; Fu, S.; Wu, Z.; Chen, H.Y.H.; Liu, H. Spatial heterogeneity of heavy metal contamination in soils and plants in Hefei, China. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 1049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Huang, B.; Yuan, Z.; Li, D.; Zheng, M.; Nied, X.; Liaoab, Y. Effects of soil particle size on the adsorption, distribution, and migration behaviors of heavy metal(loid)s in soil: A review. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 2020, 22, 1596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Batey, T.; McKenzie, D.C. Soil Compaction: Identification Directly in the Field. Soil Use Manag. 2006, 22, 123–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, H.; Li, M.; Zhao, C.; Li, V.; Peng, M.; Qin, A.; Cheng, X. Overview of trace metals in the urban soil of 31 metropolises in China. J. Geochem. Explor. 2014, 139, 31–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Adamo, P.; Agrelli, D.; Zampella, M. Chemical speciation to assess bioavailability, bioaccessibility and geochemical forms of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in polluted soils. In Environmental Geochemistry: Site Characterization, Data Analysis and Case Histories, 2nd ed.; De Vivo, B., Belkin, H., Lima, A., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 153–194. [Google Scholar]
- Woszczyk, M.; Spychalski, W.; Boluspaeva, L. Trace metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) fractionation in urban-industrial soils of Ust-Kamenogorsk (Oskemen), Kazakhstan—implications for the assessment of environmental quality. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2018, 190, 362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alan, M.; Kara, D. Assessment of sequential extraction methods for the prediction of bioavailability of elements in plants grown on agricultural soils near to boron mines in Turkey. Talanta 2019, 200, 41–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, M.S.; Yang, S.X. Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils and Phytoaccumulation in a Manganese Mine Wasteland, South China. Air Soil Water Res. 2020, 1, 31–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sutherland, R.A. BCR-701: A review of 10-years of sequential extraction analyses. Anal. Chim. Acta 2010, 680, 10–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jain, C.K.; Malik, D.S.; Yadav, R. Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of Lake Nainital, Uttaranchal, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2007, 130, 129–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caporale, A.G.; Violante, A. Chemical processes affecting the mobility of heavy metals and metalloids in soil environments. Curr. Pollut. Rep. 2016, 2, 15–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pavlović, P.; Marković, M.; Kostić, O.; Sakan, S.; Djordjević, D.; Perović, V.; Pavlović, D.; Pavlović, M.; Čakmak, D.; Jarić, S.; et al. Evaluation of potentially toxic element contamination in the riparian zone of the River Sava. Catena 2019, 174, 399–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pavlović, P.; Sawidis, T.; Breuste, J.; Kostić, O.; Čakmak, D.; Đorđević, D.; Pavlović, D.; Pavlović, M.; Perović, V.; Mitrović, M. Fractionation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in urban soils from Salzburg, Thessaloniki and Belgrade: An insight into source identification and human health risk assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kabata-Pendias, A.; Pendias, H. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, 3rd ed.; CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Landner, L.; Reuther, R. Speciation, Mobility and Bioavailability of Metals in the Environment, Metals in Society and in the Environment: A Critical Review of Current Knowledge on Fluxes, Speciation, Bioavailability and Risk for Adverse Effects of Copper, Chromium, Nickel and Zinc, 1st ed.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2005; pp. 139–274. [Google Scholar]
- Violante, A.; Cozzolino, V.; Perelomov, L.; Caporale, A.G.; Pigna, M. Mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals and metalloids in soil environments. J. Plant. Nutr. Soil Sci. 2010, 10, 268–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Reeder, R.J.; Schoonen, M.A.A.; Lanzirotti, A. Metal speciation and its role in bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2006, 64, 59–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.; Lu, J.; Shim, H.; Deng, X.; Lian, J.; Jia, Z.; Li, J. Use of the BCR sequential extraction procedure for the study of metal availability to plants. J. Environ. Monit. 2010, 12, 466–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Xu, W.; Li, J.; Song, Y.; Hua, M.; Li, W.; He, X. Assessing the fractionation and bioavailability of heavy metals in soil–rice system and the associated health risk. Environ. Geochem. Health 2021, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pataki, D.E.; Carreiro, V.; Cherrier, J.; Grulke, N.E.; Jennings, V.; Pincetl, S.; Pouyat, R.V.; Whitlow, T.H.; Zipperer, W.C. Coupling biogeochemical cycles in urban environments: Ecosystem services, green solutions, and misconceptions. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2011, 9, 27–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cameron, R.W.; Blanuša, T. Green infrastructure and ecosystem services–is the devil in the detail? Ann. Bot. 2016, 118, 377–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dzierżanowski, K.; Popek, V.; Gawrońska, H.; Sæbø, A.; Gawroński, S.W. Deposition of particulate matter of different size fractions on leaf surfaces and in waxes of urban forest species. Int. J. Phytoremediation 2011, 13, 1037–1046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leonard, R.J.; McArthur, C.; Hochuli, D.F. Particulate matter deposition on roadside plants and the importance of leaf trait combinations. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2016, 20, 249–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferrini, F.; Fini, A.; Mori, J.; Gori, A. Role of Vegetation as a Mitigating Factor in the Urban Context. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pugh, T.A.; MacKenzie, A.R.; Whyatt, J.D.; Hewitt, C.N. Effectiveness of green infrastructure for improvement of air quality in urban street canyons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 7692–7699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hewitt, C.N.; Ashworth, K.; MacKenzie, A.R. Using green infrastructure to improve urban air quality (GI4AQ). Ambio 2020, 49, 62–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bargagli, R. Trace Elements in Terrestrial Plants: An Ecophysiological Approach to Biomonitoring and Biorecovery, 1st ed.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Molnar, V.E.; Tozser, D.; Szabo, S.; Tothmeresz, B.; Simon, E. Use of leaves as bioindicator to assess air pollution based on composite proxy measure (APTI), dust amount and elemental concentration of metals. Plants 2020, 9, 1743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fantozzi, F.; Monaci, F.; Blanusa, V.; Bargagli, R. Holm Oak (Quercus ilex L.) canopy as interceptor of airborne trace elements and their accumulation in the litter and topsoil. Environ. Pollut. 2013, 183, 89–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martínez-Sánchez, M.J.; Martínez-López, S.; García-Lorenzo, M.L.; Martínez-Martínez, L.B.; PérezSirvent, V. Evaluation of arsenic in soils and plant uptake using various chemical extraction methods in soils affected by old mining activities. Geoderma 2011, 160, 535–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gajić, G.; Djurdjević, L.; Kostić, O.; Jarić, S.; Stevanović, B.; Mitrović, M.; Pavlović, P. Phytoremediation Potential, Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Response to Arsenic-Induced Stress of Dactylis glomerata L. Sown on Fly Ash Deposits. Plants 2020, 9, 657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Madejón, P.; Ciadamidaro, L.; Marañón, T.; Murillo, J.M. Long-term biomonitoring of soil contamination using poplar trees: Accumulation of trace elements in leaves and fruits. Int. J. Phytoremediation 2013, 15, 602–614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tomašević, M.; Rajšić, S.; Đorđević, D.; Tasić, M.; Krstić, J.; Novaković, V. Heavy metals accumulation in tree leaves from urban areas. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2004, 2, 151–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guéguen, F.; Stille, P.; Lahd Geagea, M.; Boutin, R. Atmospheric pollution in an urban environment by tree bark biomonitoring-part I: Trace element analysis. Chemosphere 2012, 86, 1013–1019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, K.; Van Geel, M.; Ceulemans, T.; Geerts, W.; Ramos, M.M.; Serafim, C.; Sousa, N.; Castro, P.M.L.; Kastendeuch, P.; Najjar, G.; et al. Vegetation reflectance spectroscopy for biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution in urban soils. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 243, 1912–1922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pauleit, S.; Jones, N.; Garcia-Martin, G.; Garcia-Valdecantos, J.L.; Rive‘re, L.M.; Vidal-Beaudet, L.; Bodson, M.; Randrup, B.T. Tree establishment practice in towns and cities—results from a European survey. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2002, 1, 83–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Werkenthin, M.; Kluge, B.; Wessolek, G. Metals in European roadside soils and soil solution. A review. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 189, 98–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- WRB—World Reference Base for Soil Resources. World Soil Resources Reports No. 103; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Schad, P. Technosols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources—History and definitions. Soil Sci. Plant. Nutr. 2018, 64, 138–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lehmann, A. Technosols and other proposals on urban soils for the WRB (World Reference Base for Soil Re-sources). Int. Agrophys. 2006, 20, 129–134. [Google Scholar]
- Puskás, I.; Farsang, A. Evaluation of human-impacted soils in Szeged (SE Hungary) with special emphasis on physical, chemical and biological properties. In The Soils of Tomorrow—Changing Soil in a Changing World; Advances in GeoEcology 39; Dazzi, C., Constantini, E.A.C., Eds.; Catena: Reiskirchen, Germany, 2008; pp. 117–147. [Google Scholar]
- Bullock, P.; Gregory, P.J. Soils: A neglected resource in urban areas. In Soils in the Urban Environment; Bullock, P., Gregory, P.J., Eds.; Blackwell Publishing Ltd.: Oxford, UK, 2009; pp. 1–4. [Google Scholar]
- Pavlović, P.; Kostić, N.; Karadžić, B.; Mitrović, M. The Soils of Serbia; Springer Science + Business Media: Dordrecht, Germany, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Decision on declaring a protected natural asset “Arboretum of Faculty of Forestry” no. 21.7.2011; Assembly of the City of Belgrade: Belgrade, Serbia, 2011; (In Serbian). Available online: https://www.paragraf.rs/propisi/zakon_o_zastiti_prirode.html (accessed on 1 August 2021).
- Rossini Oliva, S.; Mingorance, M.D. Assessment of Airborne Heavy Metal Pollution by Aboveground Plant Parts. Chemosphere 2006, 65, 177–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kalinović, T.S.; Serbula, S.M.; Radojevic, A.A.; Kalinovic, J.V.; Steharnik, M.M.; Petrovic, J.V. Elder, linden and pine biomonitoring ability of pollution emitted from the copper smelter and the tailings ponds. Geoderma 2016, 262, 266–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pavlović, D.; Pavlović, M.; Marković, M.; Karadžić, B.; Kostić, O.; Jarić, S.; Mitrović, M.; Gržetić, I.; Pavlović, P. Possibilities of assessing trace metal pollution using Betula pendula Roth. leaf and bark-experience in Serbia. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 2017, 82, 723–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rayment, G.E.; Higginson, F.R. Australian Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods; Inkata Press: Melbourne, Australia, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- U.S. Environmental Protection Ageny (US EPA). Method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils; Revision 2; EPA: Washington, DC, USA, 1996.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Method 3052: Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Siliceous and Organically Based Matrices; EPA: Washington, DC, USA, 1996.
- De Andrade Passos, E.; Alves, J.C.; dos Santos, I.S.; Alves, J.P.H.; Garcia, C.A.B.; Costa, C.S. Assessment of trace metals contamination in estuarine sediments using a sequential extraction technique and principal component analysis. Microchem. J. 2010, 96, 50–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kabala, C.; Singh, B.R. Fractionation and mobility of copper, lead, and zinc in soil profiles in the vicinity of a copper smelter. J. Environ. Qual. 2001, 30, 485–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- IBM SPSS Statistics. Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0; IBM Corp.: Armonk, NY, USA, 2012; Available online: https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/spss-statistics-210-available-download (accessed on 8 June 2020).
- Layman, R.M.; Day, S.D.; Mitchell, D.K.; Chen, Y.; Harris, J.R.; Daniels, W.L. Below ground matters: Urban soil rehabilitation increases tree canopy and speeds establishment. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2016, 16, 25–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alloway, B.J. Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils and Their Bioavailability, 3rd ed.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Blume, H.P.; Brümmer, G.W.; Fleige, H.; Horn, R.; Kandeler, E.; Kögel-Knabner, I.; Kretzschmar, R.; Stahr, K.; Wilke, B.M. Scheffer/Schachtschabel Soil Science; Springer: Heidelberg, Germany, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Kloke, A.; Sauerback, D.R.; Vetter, H. The contamination of plants and soils with heavy metals and the transport of metals in terrestrial food chains. In Changing Metal Cycles and Human Health; Nriagu, J.O., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 1984; pp. 113–141. [Google Scholar]
- Morel, J.L. Bioavailability of trace elements to terrestrial plants. In Soil Ecotoxicology, 1st ed.; Tarradellas, J., Bitton, G., Rossel, D., Eds.; Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1997; pp. 141–176. [Google Scholar]
- Soil Survey Division Staff. Selected chemical properties. In Soil Survey Manual; Handbook 18; Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA, 1993; pp. 46–155. [Google Scholar]
- Munns, R.; Tester, M. Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol. 2008, 59, 651–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jim, C.Y. Urban soil characteristics and limitations for landscape planting in Hong Kong. Landsc. Urban. Plan. 1998, 40, 235–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gu, Y.G.; Lin, Q.; Gao, Y.P. Metals in exposed-lawn soils from 18 urban parks and its human health implications in southern China’s largest city, Guangzhou. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 115, 122–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gomes, H.I.; Mayes, V.M.; Rogerson, M.; Stewart, D.I.; Burke, I.T. Alkaline residues and the environment: A review of impacts, management practices and opportunities. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 112, 3571–3582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cunningham, M.A.; Snyder, E.; Yonkin, D.; Ross, M.; Elsen, T. Accumulation of deicing salts in soils in an urban environment. Urban. Ecosyst. 2008, 11, 17–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Directive 86/278/EEC. Council Directive 86/278/EEC of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture. Off. J. Eur. Communities 1986, 6, 0127.
- Gawlik, B.M.; Bidoglio, G. Background Values in European Soils and Sewage Sludges PART III Results of a JRC-Coordinated Study on Background Values; European Commision, Joint Research Centre: Brussels, Belgium, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Padbhushan, R.; Kumar, D. Fractions of soil boron: A review. J. Agric. Sci. 2017, 155, 1023–1032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gržetić, I.; Ghariani, R.H.A. Potential health risk assessment for soil heavy metal contamination in the central zone of Belgrade (Serbia). J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 2008, 3, 923–934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manta, S.D.; Angelone, M.; Bellanca, A.; Neri, R.; Sprovieri, M. Heavy metals in urban soils: A case study from the city of Palermo (Sicily), Italy. Sci. Total Environ. 2002, 300, 229–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Miguel, E.; de Grado, M.J.; Llamas, J.F.; Martın-Dorado, A.; Mazadiego, L.F. The overlooked contribution of compost application to the trace element load in the urban soil of Madrid (Spain). Sci. Total Environ. 1998, 215, 113–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tani, Y.; Miyata, N.; Ohashi, M.; Iwahori, K.; Soma, M.; Seyma, H. Interaction of Co(II), Zn(II) and As(III/V) with manganese oxides formed by Mn-oxidizing fugus. In Proceedings of the 16th Iternational Symposium on Environmental Biogeochemistry, Oriase, Northern Japan, 1–6 September 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Kabata-Pendias, A.; Mukherjee, A.B. Trace Elements from Soil to Human; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany; New York, NY, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Ghariani, R.H.A.; Gržetić, I.; Antić, M.; Nikolić-Mandić, S. Distribution and availability of potentially toxic metals in soil in central area of Belgrade, Serbia. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2010, 8, 261–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bashir, M.; Khan, M.H.; Khan, R.A.; Aslam, S. Fractionation of heavy metals and their uptake by vegetables growing in soils irrigated with sewage effluent. Turkish. J. Eng. Environ. Sci. 2014, 38, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahid, M.; Shamshad, S.; Rafiq, M.; Khalid, S.; Bibi, I.; Niazi, N.K.; Dumat, C.; Rashid, M.I. Chromium speciation, bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and detoxification in soil-plant system: A review. Chemosphere 2017, 178, 513–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ghrefat, H.A.; Yusuf, N.; Jamarh, A.; Nazzal, J. Fractionation and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil samples collected along Zerqa River, Jordan. Environ. Earth Sci. 2012, 66, 199–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osakwe, S.A. Chemical partitioning of iron, cadmium, nickel and chromium in contaminated soils of south-eastern Nigeria. Chem. Speciat. Bioavailab. 2013, 25, 71–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jonhson, C.C.; Ander, E.L.; Cave, M.R.; Palumbo-Roe, B. Normal Background Concentrations (NBCs) of Contaminants in English Soils: Final Project Report; British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/12/035; British Geological Survey: Keyworth, Nottingham, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Van Bohemen, H.D.; Janssen Van de Laak, V.H. The influence of roads infrastructure and traffic on soil, water, and air quality. Environ. Manag. 2003, 31, 50–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dragović, R.; Gajić, B.; Dragović, S.; Đorđević, M.; Đorđević, M.; Mihailović, N.; Onjia, A. Assessment of the impact of geographical factors on the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils around the steel production facility in Smederevo (Serbia). J. Clean. Prod. 2014, 4, 550–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yutong, Z.; Qing, X.; Shenggao, L. Chemical fraction, leachability, and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in contaminated soils, Northeast China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2016, 3, 24107–24114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imperato, M.; Adamo, P.; Naimo, D.; Arienzo, M.; Stanzione, D.; Violante, P. Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city (Italy). Environ. Pollut. 2003, 124, 247–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahanta, M.J.; Bhattacharyya, K.G. Total concentrations, fractionation and mobility of heavy metals in soils of urban area of Guwahati, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2011, 173, 221–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nemati, K.; Abu Bakar, N.K.; Sobhanzadeh, E.; Radzi Abas, M.A. modification of the BCR sequential extraction procedure to investigate the potential mobility of copper and zinc in shrimp aquaculture sludge. Microchem. J. 2009, 92, 165–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaradat, Q.M.; Massadeh, A.M.; Zaitoun, M.A.; Maitah, B.M. Fractionation and sequential extraction of heavy metals in the soil of scrapyard of discarded vehicles. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2006, 112, 197–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Y.; Zhu, F.; Chen, J.; Gan, H.; Guo, Y. Chemical fractionation of heavy metals in urban soils of Guangzhou, China. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2007, 134, 429–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tokalioğlu, S.; Yilmaz, V.; Kartal, Ş. An assessment on metal sources by multivariate analysis and speciation of metals in soil samples using the BCR sequential extraction procedure. Clean Soil Air Water 2010, 38, 713–718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davidson, C.M.; Urquhart, G.J.; Ajmone-Marsan, F.; Biasioli, M.; daCosta Duarte, A.; Dıaz-Barrientos, E.; Grcman, H.; Hossack, I.; Hursthouse, A.S.; Madrid, L.; et al. Fractionation of potentially toxic elements in urban soils from five European cities by means of a harmonised sequential extraction procedure. Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 565, 63–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jain, C.K.; Gurunadha Rao, V.V.S.; Prakash, B.A.; Mahesh Kumar, K.; Yoshida, M. Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of Hussainsagar Lake, Hyderabad, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2010, 166, 57–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wilcke, W.; Müller, S.; Kanchanakool, N.; Zech, W. Urban soil contamination in Bangkok: Heavy metal and aluminium partitioning in topsoils. Geoderma 1998, 86, 211–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cakmak, D.; Perovic, V.; Kresovic, M.; Jaramaz, D.; Mrvic, V.; Belanovic Simic, S.; Saljnikov, E.; Trivan, G. Spatial distribution of soil pollutants in urban green areas (a case study in Belgrade). J. Geochem. Explor. 2018, 188, 308–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thornton, I. Metal contamination of soils in urban areas. In Soils in the Urban Environment, 1st ed.; Bullock, P., Gregory, P.J., Eds.; Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford, UK, 1991; pp. 47–75. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, L.; Xu, Y.; Hou, H.; Shangguan, Y.; Li, F. Source identification and health risk assessment of metals in urban soils around the Tanggu chemical industrial district, Tianjin, China. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 468–469, 654–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramos, L.; Hernandez, L.M.; Gonzalez, M.J. Sequential fractionation of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in soils from or near Doñana National Park. J. Environ. Qual. 1994, 23, 50–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crnković, D.; Ristić, M.; Antonović, D. Distribution of heavy metals and arsenic in soils of Belgrade (Serbia and Montenegro). Soil Sediment. Contam. 2006, 15, 581–589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biasioli, M.; Barberis, R.; Ajmone-Marsan, F. The influence of a large city on some soil properties and metals content. Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 356, 154–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keshavarzi, B.; Najmeddina, A.; Moorea, F.; Moghaddama, P.A. Risk-based assessment of soil pollution by potentially toxic elements in the industrialized urban and peri-urban areas of Ahvaz metropolis, southwest of Iran. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019, 167, 365–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olajire, A.A.; Ayodele, E.T.; Oyediran, G.O.; Oluyemi, E.A. Levels and speciation of heavy metals in soils of industrial southern Nigeria. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2002, 85, 135–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Katana, C.; Jane, M.; Harun, M. Speciation of zinc and copper in open-air automobile mechanic workshop soils in Ngara Area-Nairobi Kenya. Resour. Environ. 2013, 3, 145–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Broadley, M.; Brown, P.; Cakmak, I.; Rengel, Z.; Zhao, F. Function of nutrients: Micronutrients. In Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 3rd ed.; Marschner, P., Ed.; Academic Press; Elsevier Ltd.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2012; pp. 233–243. [Google Scholar]
- Goldberg, S.; Lesch, S.M.; Suarez, D.L. Predicting boron adsorption by soils using soil chemical parameters in the constant capacitance model. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000, 64, 1356–1363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mitrović, M.; Pavlović, P.; Lakušić, D.; Đurđević, L.; Stevanović, B.; Kostić, O.; Gajić, G. The potential of Festuca rubra and Calamagrostis epigejos for the revegetation of fly ash deposits. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 407, 338–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parr, A.J.; Loughman, B.C. Boron and membrane functions in plants. In Metals and Micronutrients: Uptake and Utilization by Plants, 1st ed.; Robb, D.A., Pierpoint, W.S., Eds.; Academic Press: London, UK, 1983; pp. 87–107. [Google Scholar]
- Ferreya, R.E.; Aljaro, A.U.; Ruiz, R.S.; Rojas, L.P.; Oster, J.D. Behavior of 42 crop species grown in saline soils with high boron concentrations. Agric. Water Manag. 1997, 34, 111–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sawidis, T.; Breuste, J.; Mitrović, M.; Pavlović, P.; Tsigaridas, K. Trees as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in three European cities. Environ. Pollut. 2011, 159, 3560–3570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Page, V.; Feller, U. Selective transport of zinc, manganese, nickel, cobalt and cadmium in the root system and transfer to the leaves in young wheat plants. Ann. Bot. 2005, 96, 425–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Page, V.; Weisskopf, L.; Feller, U. Heavy metals in white lupin: Uptake, root to-shoot transfer and redistribution within the plant. New Phytol. 2006, 171, 329–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parzych, A.; Jonczak, J. Pine needles (Pinus sylvestris L.) as bioindicators in the assessment of urban environmental contamination with heavy metals. J. Ecol. Eng. 2014, 15, 29–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oorts, K. Copper. In Heavy Metals in Soils, 3rd ed.; Alloway, B.J., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2010; pp. 367–394. [Google Scholar]
- Rademacher, P. Atmospheric Heavy Metals and Forest Ecosystems; Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products—BFH: Geneva, Switzerland; Brussels, Belgium, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Doganlar, Z.B.; Doganlar, O.; Erdogan, S.; Onal, Y. Heavy metal pollution and physiological changes in the leaves of some shrub, palm and tree species in urban areas of Adana, Turkey. Chem. Speciat. Bioavailab. 2012, 24, 65–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Römheld, V.; Nikolić, M. Iron. In Handbook of Plant Nutrition, 1st ed.; Barker, A.V., Pilbeam, D.J., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA; Taylor & Francis Group, LLC: London, UK, 2007; pp. 329–350. [Google Scholar]
- Khabaz-Saberi, H.; Rengel, Z.; Wilson, R.; Setter, T. Variation for tolerance to high concentration of ferrous iron (Fe2+) in Australian hexaploid wheat. Euphytica 2010, 172, 275–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berrow, M.L.; Burridge, J.C. Sources and distribution of trace elements in soils and related crops. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management and Control of Heavy Metals in the Environment, London, UK, September 1979; CEP Consultants Ltd.: London, UK, 1979. [Google Scholar]
- Shacklette, H.T.; Erdman, J.A.; Harms, T.F. Trace elements in plants foodstuffs. In Toxicity of Heavy Metals in the Environment, 4th ed.; Oehme, F.W., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, NY, USA, 1978; pp. 25–68. [Google Scholar]
- Moyen, C.; Roblin, G. Uptake and translocation of strontium in hydroponically grown maize plants, and subsequent effects on tissue ion content, growth and chlorophyll a/b ratio: Comparison with Ca effects. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2010, 68, 247–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsukada, H.; Takeda, A.; Takahashi, T.; Hasegawa, H.; Hisamatsu, S.; Inaba, J. Uptake and distribution of 90Sr and stable Sr in rice plants. J. Environ. Radioact. 2005, 81, 221–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marschner, P. Marschner’s Mineral. In Nutrition of Higher Plants, 3rd ed.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA; Elsevier Ltd.: London, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Tepanosyan, G.; Maghakyan, N.; Sahakyan, L.; Saghatelyan, A. Heavy metals pollution levels and children health risk assessment of Yerevan kindergartens soils. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2017, 142, 257–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
BP-1 | BP-2 | BP-3 | BU-1 | BU-2 | BU-3 | RP-1 | RP-2 | RP-3 | RU-1 | RU-2 | RU-3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 7.6 (0.2) | 7.7 (0.1) | 7.6 (0.1) | 7.8 (0.0) | 7.8 (0.1) | 7.8 (0.2) | 7.1 (0.2) | 6.8 (0.4) | 6.8 (0.1) | 6.5 (0.3) | 6.30 (0.4) | 6.1 (0.5) |
average | 7.6 (0.1) a | 7.8 (0.1) a | 6.9 (0.3) b | 6.3 (0.4) c | ||||||||
EC | 0.186 (0.015) | 0.111 (0.009) | 0.208 (0.02) | 0.168 (0.00) | 0.246 (0.03) | 0.183 (0.02) | 0.579 (0.041) | 0.541 (0.032) | 0.605 (0.045) | 0.265 (0.02) | 0.226 (0.01) | 0.230 (0.015) |
average | 0.168 (0.046) b | 0.199 (0.040) b | 0.575 (0.044) a | 0.240 (0.023) b |
B | Co | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Sr | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BP-1 | 62.7 (0.61) | 8.1 (0.07) | 23.3 (0.28) | 21.0 (0.22) | 27,832.1 (23.22) | 511.50 (6.31) | 29.2 (1.03) | 8.7 (0.77) | 10.2 (0.95) | 49.3 (0.51) |
BP-2 | 56.3 (0.48) | 7.6 (0.06) | 21.2 (0.22) | 18.0 (0.22) | 24,076.5 (16.95) | 502.0 (5.47) | 25.9 (0.52) | 10.8 (0.84) | 7.4 (0.63) | 34.1 (0.34) |
BP-3 | 65.0 (0.52) | 8.3 (0.09) | 23.3 (0.24) | 21.0 (0.31) | 28,062.4 (11.36) | 530.8 (4.38) | 28.6 (0.11) | 7.9 (0.69) | 9.5 (0.78) | 40.2 (0.51) |
BP average | 61.3 (3.95) ab | 8.0 (0.31) b | 22.6 (1.04) b | 20.0 (1.49) c | 26,657.0 (1938.01) a | 514.8 (13.53) a | 27.9 (1.64) b | 9.2 (1.43) d | 9.0 (1.44) c | 41.2 (6.60) b |
BU-1 | 64.5 (0.64) | 9.3 (0.07) | 30.0 (0.19) | 23.1 (0.33) | 25,591.1 (13.01) | 517.9 (3.89) | 46.4 (0.56) | 25.4 (0.21) | 23.3 (0.12) | 52.8 (0.48) |
BU-2 | 69.1 (0.65) | 9.8 (0.25) | 34.0 (0.40) | 23.3 (0.20) | 26,823.3 (14.00) | 532.1 (5.22) | 62.1 (0.70) | 27.6 (0.30) | 31.1 (0.35) | 51.5 (0.66) |
BU-3 | 73.7 (0.69) | 10.3 (0.14) | 38.1 (0.32) | 23.5 (0.19) | 28,055.6 (14.13) | 546.3 (4.01) | 77.7 (0.67) | 29.9 (0.17) | 39.0 (0.41) | 50.1 (0.49) |
BU average | 69.1 (4.01) a | 9.8 (0.45) a | 34.0 (3.53) a | 23.3 (0.28) b | 26,823.3 (1067.22) a | 532.1 (12.91) a | 62.1 (13.54) a | 27.6 (1.95) b | 31.1 (6.79) b | 51.5 (1.25) b |
RP-1 | 48.1 (0.45) | 8.2 (0.07) | 8.0 (0.67) | 35.2 (0.33) | 11,976.3 (5.63) | 433.2 (3.28) | 13.9 (0.14) | 138.9 (1.44) | 46.8 (0.52) | 129.3 (0.33) |
RP-2 | 53.5 (0.52) | 8.5 (0.06) | 9.1 (0.87) | 39.6 (0.28) | 14,738.8 (2.88) | 426.7 (2.22) | 16.6 (0.63) | 137.1 (1.28) | 44.7 (0.36) | 147.5 (0.52) |
RP-3 | 60.0 (0.63) | 9.0 (0.09) | 8.8 (0.91) | 39.20.42) | 14,813.8 (1.78) | 462.8 (2.95) | 15.6 (0.114) | 147.0 (2.01) | 50.2 (0.43) | 134.1 (0.26) |
RP average | 53.9 (5.19) b | 8.6 (0.35) b | 8.7 (0.87) c | 38.0 (2.11) a | 13,843.0 (1400.36) b | 440.9 (16.84) b | 15.4 (1.26) c | 141.0 (4.75) a | 47.2 (2.43) a | 137.0 (8.19) a |
RU-1 | 22.8 (0.18) | 1.7 (0.09) | 5.2 (0.52) | 5.8 (0.44) | 5878.9 (3.56) | 180.7 (1.88) | 2.2 (0.23) | 18.7 (0.96) | 5.2 (0.47) | 25.8 (0.17) |
RU-2 | 20.0 (0.19) | 1.6 (0.12) | 5.1 (0.49) | 7.6 (0.67) | 5525.9 (14.52) | 164.1 (1.56) | 2.3 (0.32) | 18.0 (0.89) | 4.1 (0.33) | 24.2 (0.17) |
RU-3 | 19.5 (0.21) | 1.7 (0.19) | 5.1 (0.55) | 6.8 (0.58) | 5537.9 (10.78) | 159.3 (1.84) | 1.9 (0.96) | 18.3 (0.85) | 3.4 (0.29) | 23.4 (0.18) |
RU average | 20.8 (1.57) c | 1.7 (0.13) c | 5.1 (0.46) c | 6.7 (0.92) d | 5647.6 (173.80) c | 168.0 (9.87) c | 2.2 (0.55) d | 18.4 (0.83) c | 4.2 (0.87) c | 24.5 (1.09) c |
Sampling Point | B | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Sr | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BP-1 | 224.6 (0.19) | 4.1 (0.22) | 188.0 (0.90) | 15.2 (0.16) | <DL | 165.8 (3.88) | 5.5 (0.37) |
BP-2 | 231.5 (0.18) | 4.2 (0.12) | 200.3 (0.19) | 15.7 (0.14) | <DL | 170.0 (1.66) | 3.2 (0.22) |
BP-3 | 229.1 (0.17) | 4.9 (0.71) | 183.5 (0.16) | 15.2 (0.13) | <DL | 163.3 (2.03) | 3.2 (0.26) |
BP average | 228.4 (3.04) a | 4.34 (0.52) c | 190.6 (7.52) b | 15.4 (0.25) d | <DL | 166.34 (3.76) a | 4.0 (1.20) b |
BU-1 | 93.4 (0.76) | 6.9 (0.68) | 233.3 (0.31) | 27.5 (0.28) | <DL | 66.4 (0.92) | 2.6 (0.16) |
BU-2 | 95.3 (0.69) | 7.0 (0.22) | 191.5 (0.98) | 27.9 (0.35) | <DL | 70.2 (0.58) | 1.6 (0.49) |
BU-3 | 87.8 (0.62) | 6.4 (0.11) | 234.4 (0.88) | 27.0 (0.32) | <DL | 67.7 (0.81) | 1.5 (0.07) |
BU average | 92.2 (3.45) b | 6.8 (0.44) a | 219.8 (21.21) a | 27.5 (0.48) c | <DL | 68.1 (1.81) c | 1.9 (0.59) c |
RP-1 | 80.8 (0.55) | 4.9 (0.23) | 39.0 (0.42) | 305.2 (2.89) | 1.2 (0.01) | 85.2 (0.75) | 5.8 (0.62) |
RP-2 | 82.3 (0.74) | 4.5 (0.51) | 37.6 (0.29) | 307.8 (3.29) | 1.1 (0.02) | 87.3 (0.59) | 5.8 (0.49) |
RP-3 | 78.6 (0.68) | 4.0 (0.33) | 35.8 (0.41) | 297.3 (1.31) | 1.1 (0.21) | 83.2 (0.91) | 5.3 (0.61) |
RP average | 80.6 (1.73) c | 4.5 (0.51) c | 37.4 (1.41) c | 303.4 (5.23) b | 1.2 (0.11) a | 85.2 (1.91) b | 5.6 (0.55) b |
RU-1 | 36.7 (0.45) | 5.6 (0.32) | 34.5 (0.27) | 367.8 (2.41) | 0.5 (0.05) | 65.7 (0.32) | 6.8 (0.71) |
RU-2 | 36.9 (0.21) | 6.2 (0.09) | 42.6 (0.36) | 368.8 (3.01) | 0.6 (0.04) | 68.2 (0.55) | 7.2 (0.88) |
RU-3 | 36.4 (0.12) | 4.8 (0.10) | 34.0 (0.28) | 371.8 (2.87) | 0.6 (0.44) | 64.3 (0.27) | 8.6 (0.77) |
RU average | 36.7 (0.34) d | 5.6 (0.58) b | 37.0 (4.17) c | 369.5 (3.01) a | 0.6 (0.22) b | 66.1 (1.74) c | 7.5 (1.05) a |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Mitrović, M.; Blanusa, T.; Pavlović, M.; Pavlović, D.; Kostić, O.; Perović, V.; Jarić, S.; Pavlović, P. Using Fractionation Profile of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils to Investigate Their Accumulation in Tilia sp. Leaves in Urban Areas with Different Pollution Levels. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9784. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179784
Mitrović M, Blanusa T, Pavlović M, Pavlović D, Kostić O, Perović V, Jarić S, Pavlović P. Using Fractionation Profile of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils to Investigate Their Accumulation in Tilia sp. Leaves in Urban Areas with Different Pollution Levels. Sustainability. 2021; 13(17):9784. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179784
Chicago/Turabian StyleMitrović, Miroslava, Tijana Blanusa, Marija Pavlović, Dragana Pavlović, Olga Kostić, Veljko Perović, Snežana Jarić, and Pavle Pavlović. 2021. "Using Fractionation Profile of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils to Investigate Their Accumulation in Tilia sp. Leaves in Urban Areas with Different Pollution Levels" Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9784. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179784