A Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of a Second-Language (L2) Motivation Instrument in South Korea
Abstract
:1. A Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of L2 Motivation Instrument in South Korea
2. Literature Review
2.1. Previous Studies of Instrument Validation on L2 Motivation
2.2. Cross-Cultural Translation and Adaptation of L2 Motivational Self System Questionnaire
2.3. Rationale to Validate the Instrument in a Korean Context
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Research Context and Participants
3.2. Back Translation and Pilot Study
3.3. Instrumentation
3.4. Data Collection and Analysis
4. Results
4.1. EFA to Generate L2 Motivation
4.2. CFA to Generate and Modify L2 Motivation Model
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
7. Limitations and Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- Gender (M) (F)
- Department ( ) Major ( )
- When were you born? ( )
- What year are you in your school? ( )
- Please write your score if you have taken one of the tests below TOEIC, ( ) TOEIC speaking and writing ( )
TOEFL (PBT, | ), TOEFL (CBT | ), TOEFL (IBT | ) |
IELTs ( | ) |
- Have you ever studied abroad? ( ), If yes, which country have you visited and how long have you stayed in the country? ( )
Number | Questions |
---|---|
1. | If an English course was offered in the future, I would like to take it. |
2. | If my teacher would give the class an optional assignment, I would certainly volunteer to do it. |
3. | I would like to study English even if it is not required. |
4. | I would like to spend lots of time studying English. |
5. | I would like to concentrate on studying English more than any other topic. |
6. | I am prepared to expend a lot of effort in learning English. |
7. | I am working hard at learning English |
8. | Compared to my classmates, I think I study English relatively hard. |
9. | I can imagine myself studying in a university where all my courses are taught in English. |
10. | Whenever I think of my future career, I imagine myself using English. |
11. | I can imagine myself speaking English with international friends or colleagues. |
12. | I can imagine myself living abroad and using English effectively for communicating with the locals. |
13. | I can imagine myself speaking English as if I were a native speaker of English. |
14. | I imagine myself as someone who is able to speak English. |
15. | I can imagine myself writing English e-mails/letters fluently. |
16. | I study English because close friends of mine think it is important. |
17. | Learning English is necessary because people surrounding me expect me to do so. |
18. | I consider learning English important because the people I respect think that I should do it. |
19. | If I fail to learn English I’ll be letting other people down. |
20. | Studying English is important to me in order to gain the approval of mypeers/teachers/family/boss. |
21. | Studying English is important to me because an educated person is supposed to be able to speak English. |
22. | Studying English is important to me because other people will respect me more if I have a knowledge of English. |
23. | It will have a negative impact on my life if I don’t learn English. |
24. | My parents encourage me to study English in my free time. |
25. | My parents encourage me to take every opportunity to use my English(e.g., speaking and reading). |
26. | My parents encourage me to practice my English as much as possible. |
27. | My parents encourage me to attend extra English classes after class (e.g.,at English conversation schools). |
28. | My family put a lot of pressure on me to study English. |
29. | My parents/family believe(s) that I must study English to be aneducated person. |
30. | Studying English is important to me in order to bring honor to my family. |
31. | Being successful in English is important to me so that I can pleasemy parents/relatives. |
32. | I must study English to avoid being punished by my parents/relatives. |
33. | I have to study English, because, if I don’t do it, my parents will be disappointed with me. |
34. | Studying English can be important to me because I think it will someday be useful in getting a good job |
35. | Studying English is important to me because English proficiency is necessary for promotion in the future. |
36. | Studying English is important to me because with English I can work globally. |
37. | Studying English is important because with a high level of English proficiency, I will be able to make a lot of money. |
38. | Studying English can be important to me because I think I will need it forfurther studies in my major. |
39. | Studying English is important to me because I would like to spend a longer period living abroad (e.g., studying and working) |
40. | I study English in order to keep updated and informed of recent news of the world. |
41. | Studying English is important to me because in order to achieve a special goal (e.g., to get a degree or scholarship). |
42. | Studying English is important to me in order to attain a higher level ofsocial respect. |
43. | Studying English is important to me because it offers a new challenge in my life. |
44. | The things I want to do in the future require me to use English. |
45. | I have to learn English because without passing the English course I cannot graduate. |
46. | I have to learn English because I don’t want to fail the English course. |
47. | I have to study English because I don’t want to get bad marks in it at university. |
48. | Studying English is necessary for me because I don’t want to get a poor score or a fail mark in English proficiency tests. |
49. | I have to study English; otherwise, I think I cannot be successful in myfuture career. |
50. | Studying English is important to me, because I would feel ashamed if I gotbad grades in English. |
51. | Studying English is important to me because, if I don’t have knowledge of English, I will be considered a weak learner. |
52. | I like the atmosphere of my English classes. |
53. | I always look forward to English classes. |
54. | I find learning English really interesting. |
55. | I really enjoy learning English. |
56. | Do you think time passes faster while studying English? |
57. | Would you like to have more English lessons at school? |
58. | Do you like to travel to English-speaking countries? |
59. | Do you like the people who live in English-speaking countries? |
60. | Do you like meeting people from English-speaking countries? |
61. | Would you like to know more about people from English-speaking countries? |
62. | Do you like the music of English-speaking countries (e.g., pop music?) |
63. | Do you like English films? |
64. | Do you like English magazines, newspapers, or books? |
65. | Do you like TV programs made in English speaking countries? |
66. | I get nervous and confused when I am speaking in my English class. |
67. | I would feel uneasy speaking English with a native speaker |
68. | If I met an English native speaker, I would feel nervous. |
69. | I would get tense if a foreigner asked me for directions in English |
70. | I am worried that other speakers of English would find my English strange. |
71. | How important do you think learning English is in order to learn more about the culture and art of its speakers? |
72. | How much would you like to become similar to the people who speak English? |
73. | How much do you like English? |
74. | Learning English is important to me because I would like to travel internationally. |
75. | Studying English is important to me because without English I won’t be able to travel a lot. |
76. | I study English because with English I can enjoy travelling abroad. |
Appendix B
- 귀하의 성별을 표시해주세요. (남) (여)
- 학부 ( ) 전공 ( )
- 귀하는 몇 년 도에 태어났습니까? ( )
- 귀하는 현재 몇 학기째 학교를 다니고 있습니까? ( )
- 귀하는 아래에 해당하는 영어표준 시험을 본적이 있습니까? 있으면 점수를 적어주세요
- 6.
- 귀하는 어학연수 또는 학업을 해외에서 하신적이 있습니까? ( )
문항 | 설문내용 |
---|---|
1. | 만일 미래에 영어강좌가 개설된다면 나는 들을 것이다. |
2. | 만일 선생님이 선택적인 숙제를 내어 준다면 나는 기꺼이 숙제를 할 것이다. |
3. | 나는 필수사항이 아니더래도 영어공부를 할 것이다. |
4. | 나는 영어공부에 많은 시간을 쓸 것이다. |
5. | 나는 다른 주제 보다 영어공부하는것에 집중하고 싶다. |
6. | 나는 영어공부를 하는데 많은 노력을 할 준비가 되어있다. |
7. | 나는 영어공부하는데 최선을 다 한다고 생각한다. |
8. | 다른 학생에 비해서 상대적으로 내가 영어공부를 보다 더 열심히 한다고 생각한다. |
9. | 모든 수업이 영어로 진행되는 대학교 수업을 듣고 있는 내 모습을 떠올린다. |
10. | 미래의 내 직장을 생각하면 나는 영어를 쓰고 있는 나 자신을 생각하게 된다. |
11. | 나는 외국인 친구나 동료와 영어로 이야기 하는 내 모습을 생각한다. |
12. | 나는 외국에 살면서 그 곳 사람들과 영어로 이야기 하는 내 모습을 생각한다. |
13. | 나는 내가 마치 원어민 선생님처럼 영어를 잘 사용하는 모습을 생각한다. |
14. | 내가 영어를 잘 말 할 수 있는 사람이 될 것이라고 상상한다. |
15. | 나 스스로가 영어로 유창하게 이메일이나 편지를 쓰는것을 생각한다. |
16. | 나는 친한 친구들이 영어가 중요하다고 생각하기 때문에 영어를 공부한다. |
17. | 내 주위 사람들이 나에대한 기대가 있기 때문에 영어공부는 필요하다. |
18. | 내가 존경하는 사람들이 내가 영어공부를 해야한다고 하기 때문에 중요하다고 생각한다. |
19. | 내가 영어를 배우는데 실패를 하면 다른 사람들은 실망 할 것이다. |
20. | 내 친구나 선생님, 가족, 윗사람들로부터 인정받이 위해서 영어공부는 중요하다. |
21. | 교육받은 사람은 영어로 말을 잘 해야하기 때문에 나에게 영어공부를 하는 것은 중요하다. |
22. | 내가 영어를 잘 하면 사람들이 나를 존경하기 때문에 영어공부는 중요하다 |
23. | 만일 내가 영어를 공부하지 않으면 내 인생에 안 좋은 영향이 있을 것이다. |
24. | 내 부모님은 내가 시간이 날 때 영어공부를 하도록 하신다 |
25. | 내 부모님은 기회가 있으면 영어를 사용하도록 하신다.( 말하기 와 읽기) |
26. | 내 부모님은 내가 영어를 가능한 많이 연습하도록 하신다 |
27. | 내 부모님은 내가 수업 이 외의 영어보충 수업에 참여하도록 장려하신다 (영어회화수업) |
28. | 우리 가족은 영어공부하는데 많은 압력을 주신다. |
29. | 내 부모님/가족은 내가 교육받은 사람이 되기 위해서 영어를 배워야 한다고 생각하신다. |
30. | 우리 가족에게 명예를 가져와야 하기 때문에 영어공부는 나에게 중요하다. |
31. | 내 부모나 친척을 기쁘게 해주기 위해 영어공부를 성공적이게 하는것은 나에게 중요하다 |
32. | 내 부모나 가족에게 벌을 받지 않기 위해 나는 영어공부를 해야만 한다. |
33. | 나는 영어공부를 해야한다, 그렇지 않으면 우리 부모님은 나에게 실망하실것이기 때문이다. |
34. | 영어가 언젠가는 좋은 직업을 잡는데 필요할 것이라고 생각하기에 영어공부는 나에게 중요하다. |
35. | 미래에 승진하는데 영어실력이 필요하기 때문에 영어공부는 중요하다. |
36. | 나는 글로벌하게 일하고 싶기때문에 영어공부는 중요하다. |
37. | 영어실력이 좋은면 돈을 많이 벌 수 있기 때문에 영어공부는 중요하다. |
38. | 내 전공에 대해 더 공부할 때 필요할 수 있기 때문에 영어공부는 중요하다. |
39. | 해외에서 살고 싶기때문에 영어공부는 필요하다. (유학이나 업무로 인해) |
40. | 전 세계에서 일어나는 일들을 알기 위해 영어공부를 한다. |
41. | 특별한 목적을 달성하기 위해 영어공부는 중요하다. (학위나 장학금을 따기위해) |
42. | 높은 사회적인 직위를 얻기위해 영어공부는 중요하다. |
43. | 내 삶에 새로운 도전을 위해 영어공부는 중요하다. |
44. | 내가 미래에 하고 싶은 일은 영어가 필요한 일이다. |
45. | 영어수업을 듣지 않으면 졸업을 못하기 때문에 영어를 공부해야 한다. |
46. | 영어수업에서 낙제하기 싫기 때문에 영어공부를 해야한다. |
47. | 대학에서 안좋은 점수를 받고 싶지 않기 때문에 영어공부를 해야한다. |
48. | 영어시험에서 안좋은 점수를 받고싶지 않기 때문에 영어공부는 필요하다. (토플이나 아일츠) |
49. | 영어공부를 해야한다, 그렇지 않으면 내 미래 커리어에서 성공할 수 없다. |
50. | 영어점수가 나쁘면 수치감을 느끼기 때문에 영어공부는 중요하다. |
51. | 내가 영어를 잘 못하면 교육을 잘 받지 못한 사람으로 취급될까봐 영어공부는 중요하다. |
52. | 나는 영어수업의 분위기가 좋다 |
53. | 나는 영어수업시간이 항상 기대된다 |
54. | 나는 영어를 배우는 것이 정말 흥미로운 것이라는것을 알게되었다. |
55. | 나는 정말 영어공부하는것이 즐겁다 |
56. | 영어공부를 하면 시간이 빨리 지나간다고 생각합니까? |
57. | 학교에서 더 많은 영어수업을 듣고 싶습니까? |
58. | 영어권 국가를 여행하는것을 좋아합니까? |
59. | 영어권 국가에 사는 사람들을 좋아합니까? |
60. | 영어권 국가에서 온 사람들을 만나는것을 좋아합니까? |
61. | 영어권 국가에서 온 사람에 대해 알고 싶습니까? |
62. | 영어권 나라의 음악을 좋아합니까? |
63. | 영어로 된 영화를 좋아합니까? |
64. | 영어잡지, 영자신문, 또는 영어책을 좋아하십니까? |
65. | 영어권 국가의 TV프로그램을 좋아하십니까? |
66. | 나는 영어수업에서 말하기를 할때 긴장되고 혼란스럽다. |
67. | 원어민과 영어로 대화할때 불편하다. |
68. | 만약 원어민을 만나면 긴장 할 것이다. |
69. | 만일 외국인이 영어로 길을 물어보면 긴장한다. |
70. | 만일 다른 사람이 내 영어가 이상하다는것을 알았을때 걱정된다. |
71. | 영어를 쓰는 사람들의 문화와 예술을 이해하는데 영어교육이 얼마나 중요하다고 생각합니까? |
72. | 영어로 말하는 사람을 얼만큼 닮고 싶습니까? |
73. | 얼마나 영어를 좋아하십니까? |
74. | 나는 해외여행을 다닐것이기 때문에 영어공부는 중요하다 |
75. | 영어없이는 여행을 많이 못하기 때문에 영어공부는 나에게 있어 중요하다. |
76. | 영어를 하면 해외여행을 즐길 수 있기 때문에 나는 영어공부를 한다. |
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School | Gender | Age | Year of School | Study Abroad | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | M | F | Range | Mean | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | En | Non En | |
1 | 628 | 223 | 405 | 19–34 | 26.5 | 47 | 247 | 207 | 127 | 62 | 8 |
2 | 88 | 72 | 16 | 20–27 | 23.5 | 0 | 20 | 67 | 1 | 9 | 0 |
3 | 28 | 18 | 10 | 19–25 | 22 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 0 |
4 | 61 | 44 | 17 | 19–26 | 22.5 | 56 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 0 |
5 | 63 | 51 | 12 | 20–30 | 25 | 0 | 51 | 11 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
6 | 18 | 8 | 10 | 20–26 | 23 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
7 | 62 | 37 | 25 | 20–28 | 24 | 1 | 24 | 18 | 19 | 6 | 3 |
8 | 254 | 122 | 132 | 20–30 | 25 | 5 | 45 | 103 | 101 | 29 | 17 |
9 | 171 | 20 | 151 | 19–26 | 22.5 | 158 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 6 |
Total | 1373 | 595 | 778 | 19–34 | 26.5 | 273 | 424 | 414 | 259 | 151 | 36 |
Item | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | F8 | F9 | F10 | F11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.40 | ||||||||||
3 | 0.54 | ||||||||||
4 | 0.86 | ||||||||||
5 | 0.78 | ||||||||||
6 | 0.67 | ||||||||||
9 | 0.44 | ||||||||||
10 | 0.57 | ||||||||||
11 | 0.86 | ||||||||||
12 | 0.94 | ||||||||||
13 | 0.96 | ||||||||||
14 | 0.85 | ||||||||||
15 | 0.92 | ||||||||||
16 | 0.51 | ||||||||||
17 | 0.71 | ||||||||||
18 | 0.69 | ||||||||||
19 | 0.70 | ||||||||||
20 | 0.92 | ||||||||||
21 | 0.87 | ||||||||||
22 | 0.88 | ||||||||||
31 | 0.61 | ||||||||||
51 | 0.61 | ||||||||||
24 | 0.76 | ||||||||||
25 | 0.74 | ||||||||||
26 | 0.96 | ||||||||||
27 | 0.81 | ||||||||||
28 | 0.77 | ||||||||||
29 | 0.56 | ||||||||||
32 | 0.28 | ||||||||||
23 | 0.50 | ||||||||||
34 | 0.72 | ||||||||||
35 | 0.76 | ||||||||||
37 | 0.49 | ||||||||||
42 | 0.36 | ||||||||||
49 | 0.39 | ||||||||||
52 | 0.89 | ||||||||||
53 | 0.86 | ||||||||||
54 | 0.95 | ||||||||||
55 | 0.80 | ||||||||||
56 | 0.72 | ||||||||||
57 | 0.45 | ||||||||||
45 | 0.86 | ||||||||||
46 | 0.97 | ||||||||||
47 | 0.91 | ||||||||||
48 | 0.54 | ||||||||||
66 | 0.83 | ||||||||||
67 | 0.80 | ||||||||||
68 | 0.98 | ||||||||||
69 | 0.96 | ||||||||||
70 | 0.62 | ||||||||||
58 | 0.51 | ||||||||||
59 | 0.87 | ||||||||||
60 | 0.82 | ||||||||||
61 | 0.79 | ||||||||||
72 | 0.37 | ||||||||||
62 | 0.69 | ||||||||||
63 | 0.72 | ||||||||||
64 | 0.60 | ||||||||||
65 | 0.77 | ||||||||||
74 | 0.73 | ||||||||||
75 | 0.87 | ||||||||||
76 | 0.80 |
Fit Statistics | DF | CFI | SRMR | RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Original model | 6441.94 ** | 1714 | 0.87 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
Revised model | 4209.16 ** | 1372 | 0.92 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
Items | Intended | Ideal | Ought | Family | InstrPro | Attlang | InstrPre | Anxiety | Attcom | Cultural | Travel |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cronbach’s α | 0.85 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 0.86 |
McDonald’s ω | 0.84 | 0.92 | 0.77 | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.90 | 0.82 | 0.86 |
1 | 0.50 | ||||||||||
3 | 0.73 | ||||||||||
4 | 0.84 | ||||||||||
5 | 0.77 | ||||||||||
6 | 0.80 | ||||||||||
10 | 0.72 | ||||||||||
11 | 0.85 | ||||||||||
12 | 0.85 | ||||||||||
13 | 0.80 | ||||||||||
14 | 0.80 | ||||||||||
15 | 0.79 | ||||||||||
16 | 0.52 | ||||||||||
17 | 0.67 | ||||||||||
18 | 0.67 | ||||||||||
19 | 0.67 | ||||||||||
20 | 0.78 | ||||||||||
21 | 0.74 | ||||||||||
22 | 0.76 | ||||||||||
31 | 0.67 | ||||||||||
51 | 0.61 | ||||||||||
24 | 0.73 | ||||||||||
25 | 0.69 | ||||||||||
26 | 0.86 | ||||||||||
27 | 0.74 | ||||||||||
28 | 0.68 | ||||||||||
23 | 0.60 | ||||||||||
34 | 0.65 | ||||||||||
35 | 0.73 | ||||||||||
37 | 0.71 | ||||||||||
42 | 0.74 | ||||||||||
49 | 0.67 | ||||||||||
52 | 0.71 | ||||||||||
53 | 0.79 | ||||||||||
54 | 0.89 | ||||||||||
55 | 0.89 | ||||||||||
56 | 0.79 | ||||||||||
57 | 0.68 | ||||||||||
45 | 0.75 | ||||||||||
46 | 0.89 | ||||||||||
47 | 0.80 | ||||||||||
66 | 0.73 | ||||||||||
67 | 0.85 | ||||||||||
68 | 0.90 | ||||||||||
69 | 0.84 | ||||||||||
70 | 0.56 | ||||||||||
59 | 0.88 | ||||||||||
60 | 0.94 | ||||||||||
61 | 0.84 | ||||||||||
62 | 0.80 | ||||||||||
63 | 0.75 | ||||||||||
64 | 0.69 | ||||||||||
65 | 0.71 | ||||||||||
74 | 0.85 | ||||||||||
75 | 0.76 | ||||||||||
76 | 0.81 | ||||||||||
AVE. | 0.73 | 0.80 | 0.68 | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.89 | 0.74 | 0.81 |
Intend | Ideal | Ought | Family | InstrPro | Attlang | InstrPre | Anxiety | Attcom | Cultural | Travel | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ideal | 0.65 ** | ||||||||||
Ought | 0.23 ** | 0.22 ** | |||||||||
Family | 0.28 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.49 ** | ||||||||
InstrPro | 0.35 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.61 ** | 0.33 ** | |||||||
Attlang | 0.63 ** | 0.63 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.16 ** | ||||||
InstrPre | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.44 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.40 ** | −0.06 | |||||
Anxiety | −0.18 ** | −0.28 ** | 0.19 ** | −0.07 * | 0.21 ** | −0.31 ** | 0.28 ** | ||||
Attcom | 0.49 ** | 0.58 ** | 0.20 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.01 | −0.26 ** | |||
Cultural | 0.45 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.13 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.23 ** | 0.53 ** | 0 | −0.24 ** | 0.70 ** | ||
Travel | 0.47 ** | 0.54 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.43 ** | 0.11 ** | −0.08 * | 0.58 ** | 0.51 ** | 1 ** |
Variance | 0.25 | 0.70 | 0.35 | 0.81 | 0.49 | 0.58 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.79 | 0.62 | 0.82 |
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Shin, W.; Tong, F.; Chien, H.-Y.; Yoon, M. A Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of a Second-Language (L2) Motivation Instrument in South Korea. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810333
Shin W, Tong F, Chien H-Y, Yoon M. A Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of a Second-Language (L2) Motivation Instrument in South Korea. Sustainability. 2021; 13(18):10333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810333
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin, Weonjin, Fuhui Tong, Hsiang-Yu Chien, and Myeongsun Yoon. 2021. "A Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of a Second-Language (L2) Motivation Instrument in South Korea" Sustainability 13, no. 18: 10333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810333