WASH Financial and Social Investment Dynamics in a Conflict-Arid District of Jariban in Somalia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review
1.1.1. The Participation of Local Communities
1.1.2. Development Funding from the Public and Private Sectors
1.1.3. Role of Microfinance in Local Development
1.1.4. Importance of Investment Data to Rural Development
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Projected Population for the Years 2020–2024
3.2. Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure Needs for the Year 2019
3.3. Projected Toilet Numbers over the Five Years
3.4. Projected Boreholes over the Five Years
3.5. Consolidated WASH Infrastructure Cost Estimates from 2020–2024
3.6. Community Perceptions on Potable Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure Funding Sources
3.6.1. Non-Governmental Organisations Funding
3.6.2. Diaspora Funding
3.6.3. Household (Social) Funding
4. Discussions and Conclusions
5. Recommendations and Further Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Calculation Standard | Source |
---|---|
Single improved and ventilated toilet to serve a maximum of 20 people | Sphere 2018 |
Cost of constructing an improved ventilated latrine being USD600 | UNOPS, 2008 |
Water supply system; Mechanized borehole piped system (solar/grid power or generator) being USD200.000 | UNOPS, 2008 |
A borehole can be sustained between 10 and 20 years with essential maintenance | UNOPS, 2008 |
Village Name | 2019 Population | Projected Population Based on 3% Growth Rate from the Base Year | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | ||
Malaasle | 2424 | 2497 | 2572 | 2649 | 2728 | 2810 |
Qalaanqal | 1600 | 1648 | 1697 | 1748 | 1801 | 1855 |
Raydable | 2072 | 2134 | 2198 | 2264 | 2332 | 2402 |
Salax | 9352 | 9633 | 9922 | 10,219 | 10,526 | 10,842 |
Balibusle | 29,538 | 30,424 | 31,337 | 32,277 | 33,245 | 34,243 |
Buubi | 2975 | 3064 | 3156 | 3251 | 3348 | 3449 |
Ceelbardaale | 2200 | 2266 | 2334 | 2404 | 2476 | 2550 |
Seemade | 15,200 | 15,656 | 16,126 | 16,609 | 17,108 | 17,621 |
Booc | 3040 | 3131 | 3225 | 3322 | 3422 | 3524 |
Mareer | 4060 | 4182 | 4307 | 4436 | 4570 | 4707 |
Kulub | 2625 | 2704 | 2785 | 2868 | 2954 | 3043 |
Dhinowda | 17,850 | 18,386 | 18,937 | 19,505 | 20,090 | 20,693 |
Ilfoocshe | 3710 | 3821 | 3936 | 4054 | 4176 | 4301 |
Galxagar | 6660 | 6860 | 7066 | 7278 | 7496 | 7721 |
Dhobocantug | 3900 | 4017 | 4138 | 4262 | 4389 | 4521 |
Labilamane | 3000 | 3090 | 3183 | 3278 | 3377 | 3478 |
Mayle | 4240 | 4367 | 4498 | 4633 | 4772 | 4915 |
Caracaso | 840 | 865 | 891 | 918 | 945 | 974 |
Hayaanle | 1860 | 1916 | 1973 | 2032 | 2093 | 2156 |
Total | 117,146 | 120,660 | 124,280 | 128,009 | 131,849 | 135,804 |
Village Name | Available Latrines | Available Boreholes |
---|---|---|
Malaasle | 34 | 0 |
Qalaanqal | 15 | 0 |
Raydable | 42 | 0 |
Salax | 291 | 1 |
Balibusle | 800 | 3 |
Buubi | 80 | 1 |
Ceelbardaale | 1 | 1 |
Seemade | 267 | 1 |
Booc | 6 | 0 |
Mareer | 12 | 0 |
Kulub | 35 | 0 |
Dhinowda | 20 | 0 |
Ilfoocshe | 1 | 0 |
Galxagar | 28 | 0 |
Dhobocantug | 30 | 0 |
Labilamane | 120 | 0 |
Mayle | 70 | 0 |
Caracaso | 8 | 0 |
Hayaanle | 15 | 0 |
Village Name | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malaasle | 91 | 38 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Qalaanqal | 67 | 17 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Raydable | 65 | 45 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Salax | 191 | 305 | 15 | 15 | 16 |
Balibusle | 721 | 846 | 47 | 48 | 50 |
Buubi | 73 | 85 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Ceelbardaale | 112 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Seemade | 516 | 290 | 24 | 25 | 26 |
Booc | 151 | 11 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Mareer | 197 | 18 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
Kulub | 100 | 39 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Dhinowda | 899 | 48 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
Ilfoocshe | 190 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Galxagar | 315 | 38 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
Dhobocantug | 171 | 36 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
Labilamane | 35 | 125 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Mayle | 148 | 77 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
Caracaso | 35 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Hayaanle | 81 | 18 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Total | 4158 | 2056 | 187 | 191 | 197 |
Village Name | Available Boreholes | Required Boreholes |
---|---|---|
Malaasle | 0 | 1 |
Qalaanqal | 0 | 1 |
Raydable | 0 | 1 |
Salax | 1 | 0 |
Balibusle | 3 | 0 |
Buubi | 1 | 0 |
Ceelbardaale | 1 | 0 |
Seemade | 1 | 0 |
Booc | 0 | 1 |
Mareer | 0 | 1 |
Kulub | 0 | 1 |
Dhinowda | 0 | 1 |
Ilfoocshe | 0 | 1 |
Galxagar | 0 | 1 |
Dhobocantug | 0 | 1 |
Labilamane | 0 | 1 |
Mayle | 0 | 1 |
Caracaso | 0 | 1 |
Hayaanle | 0 | 1 |
Village Name | 2020 (USD $) | 2021 (USD $) | 2022 (USD $) | 2023 (USD $) | 2024 (USD $) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malaasle | 254,502 | 25,147 | 4814 | 4884 | 4955 |
Qalaanqal | 240,440 | 12,983 | 4028 | 4074 | 4121 |
Raydable | 238825 | 29,621 | 4478 | 4538 | 4599 |
Salax | 146,485 | 188,269 | 13,929 | 14,197 | 14,473 |
Balibusle | 736,966 | 512,382 | 33,203 | 36,549 | 37,421 |
Buubi | 243,928 | 53,258 | 5341 | 5426 | 5514 |
Ceelbardaale | 267,380 | 5139 | 4601 | 4664 | 4729 |
Seemade | 509,480 | 179,290 | 17,013 | 19,949 | 20,397 |
Booc | 290,336 | 8918 | 5403 | 5490 | 5579 |
Mareer | 318,254 | 13,464 | 6377 | 6493 | 6613 |
Kulub | 260,113 | 25,933 | 5006 | 5082 | 5159 |
Dhinowda | 662,135 | 36,047 | 22,043 | 25,055 | 25,581 |
Ilfoocshe | 314,039 | 6539 | 6042 | 6149 | 6258 |
Galxagar | 388,994 | 25,474 | 8859 | 9050 | 9246 |
Dhobocantug | 302,510 | 24,115 | 6224 | 6335 | 6451 |
Labilamane | 220,700 | 77,281 | 5364 | 5450 | 5539 |
Mayle | 289,016 | 48,430 | 6548 | 6670 | 6795 |
Caracaso | 221,156 | 8079 | 3302 | 3326 | 3351 |
Hayaanle | 248,474 | 13,224 | 4276 | 4329 | 4384 |
Totals | 6,153,731 | 1,293,594 | 166,852 | 177,708 | 181,164 |
Village Code | The Perceived Main Sources of Funding for WASH | Expected Community Contribution to WASH Projects | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NGO | Diaspora | Household | Stones | Sand | Pit digging | Masonry | |
Me1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Mel2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Ql1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Ql2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
Re1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Re2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Sx1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Sx2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Be1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Be2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Bi1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
Bi2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Ce1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Ce1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Se1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Se2 | √ | √ | √ | ||||
Bc1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Bc2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Mr1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
Mr2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
Kb1 | √ | √ | √ | ||||
Kb2 | √ | √ | √ | ||||
Da1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Da2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
Ie1 | √ | √ | √ | ||||
Ie2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Gr1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
Gr2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
Dg1 | √ | √ | √ | ||||
Dg2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Le1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
Le2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
Me1 | √ | √ | √ | ||||
Me2 | √ | √ | √ | ||||
Co1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
Co2 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
He1 | √ | √ | √ | ||||
He2 | √ | √ | √ | ||||
Total | 38 | 24 | 08 | 38 | 38 | 20 | 07 |
Community Contributions | Cost (USD) | NGOs Contributions | Cost (USD) |
---|---|---|---|
Clearing of 9 m2 of land | 9 | Slab construction | 114 |
Excavation of 9 m2 | 70 | Hollow block and footrest | 171 |
Foundation excavation | 23 | Lintel | 29 |
Masonry stone | 15 | Vent pipes and mesh wire | 30 |
Sand | 27 | Toilet seat, plastering and floors | 60 |
Hardcore filling | 6 | Roofing and timber | 46 |
Total | 150 | 450 |
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Mafuta, W.; Zuwarimwe, J.; Mwale, M. WASH Financial and Social Investment Dynamics in a Conflict-Arid District of Jariban in Somalia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4836. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094836
Mafuta W, Zuwarimwe J, Mwale M. WASH Financial and Social Investment Dynamics in a Conflict-Arid District of Jariban in Somalia. Sustainability. 2021; 13(9):4836. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094836
Chicago/Turabian StyleMafuta, Wonder, Jethro Zuwarimwe, and Marizvikuru Mwale. 2021. "WASH Financial and Social Investment Dynamics in a Conflict-Arid District of Jariban in Somalia" Sustainability 13, no. 9: 4836. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094836