The Impact of Family Members Serving as Village Cadres on Rural Household Food Waste: Evidence from China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Survey Design and Data Collection
3. Methodology and Empirical Strategy
3.1. Methodology
3.2. Empirical Strategy
4. Results
4.1. Household Food Waste in Rural China
4.2. Descriptive Statistics
4.3. Estimation Results of the Fractional Logit Model
4.4. Impact of Family Members Serving as Village Cadres on Household Food Waste
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Dependent Variable: Family Member Serves as a Village Cadre | |||
---|---|---|---|
Group | Variable | Coef. | Std. Err. |
Decision maker | Gender of the decision maker (male = 1) | −0.40 *** | 0.13 |
Age of the decision maker (years) | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
Years of schooling of the decision maker | 0.12 *** | 0.02 | |
Household | Population (number of members) | −0.06 * | 0.04 |
Annual income (yuan 1) (logarithmic) | 0.24 *** | 0.09 | |
Area of land designated for agriculture (mu 2) | 0.0001 | 0.002 | |
Social | Internet access at home (yes = 1) | 0.30 ** | 0.12 |
Mobile phone (unit) | 0.10 * | 0.05 | |
Cooperative (yes = 1) | 0.37 ** | 0.17 | |
Agricultural technology training (yes = 1) | 0.81 *** | 0.14 | |
Regional dummy variable | Controlled | ||
Constant | −5.10 *** | 0.97 | |
Observations | 1560 |
Variable | Matched Sample | Bias | t-Test p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treated (n = 126) | Control (n = 1433) | % Bias | % Bias Reduction | ||
Gender of the decision maker (male = 1) | 0.80 | 0.78 | 6.60 | 24.20 | 0.62 |
Age of the decision maker (years) | 51.61 | 52.00 | −3.80 | 84.10 | 0.76 |
Years of schooling of the decision maker | 8.79 | 8.52 | 10.50 | 83.80 | 0.40 |
Population (number of members) | 3.90 | 3.89 | 0.20 | 89.90 | 0.99 |
Annual income (yuan 1) (logarithmic) | 11.11 | 11.07 | 6.70 | 86.70 | 0.60 |
Area of land designated for agriculture (mu 2) | 16.52 | 14.85 | 6.80 | 64.80 | 0.62 |
Internet access at home (yes = 1) | 0.37 | 0.35 | 4.10 | 89.10 | 0.76 |
Mobile phone (unit) | 2.87 | 2.82 | 4.00 | 88.70 | 0.74 |
Cooperative (yes = 1) | 0.15 | 0.15 | 1.90 | 93.60 | 0.90 |
Agricultural technology training (yes = 1) | 0.29 | 0.27 | 3.20 | 94.90 | 0.84 |
Matching Method | Pseudo-R2 | Likelihood Ratio Chi2 | p > Chi2 | Mean Bias | Median Bias |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before matching | 0.159 | 139.72 | 0 | 31.4 | 26.8 |
Radius matching | 0.006 | 2.1 | 0.999 | 5.5 | 5.4 |
Caliper matching | 0.011 | 3.77 | 0.987 | 5.5 | 4.4 |
Kernel matching | 0.004 | 1.44 | 1 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
Gamma | Food Waste | Flour Products | Rice Products | Potato Products | Soybean Products | Pork | Beef and Lamb | Poultry | Aquatic Products | Eggs | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sig+ | sig− | sig+ | sig− | sig+ | sig− | sig+ | sig− | sig+ | sig− | sig+ | sig− | sig+ | sig− | sig+ | sig− | sig+ | sig− | sig+ | sig− | |
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.09 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.09 | 0 |
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Region | Provinces (Municipalities and Autonomous Zones) | Observations |
---|---|---|
Northeast China | Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang | 351 |
Northwest China | Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang | 299 |
North China | Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong | 314 |
Southwest China | Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou | 212 |
Southeast Coastal Area of China | Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong | 146 |
Central China | Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Anhui | 238 |
Total | 28 | 1560 |
Region | Flour Products | Rice Products | Potato Products | Soybean Products | Pork | Beef and Lamb | Poultry | Aquatic Products | Eggs | Total Waste |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northeast China | 2.41 | 6.18 | 2.31 | 1.91 | 1.23 | 0.26 | 0.53 | 0.79 | 1.23 | 1.87 |
Northwest China | 2.99 | 1.06 | 2.06 | 0.33 | 0.65 | 0.32 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.88 |
North China | 3.64 | 1.92 | 1.44 | 0.80 | 0.59 | 0.07 | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.69 | 1.14 |
Southwest China | 1.71 | 8.20 | 1.98 | 0.82 | 1.31 | 0.13 | 0.56 | 0.87 | 0.59 | 1.80 |
Southeast Coastal Area of China | 1.80 | 11.60 | 1.49 | 1.89 | 2.22 | 0.14 | 1.68 | 2.96 | 1.17 | 2.77 |
Central China | 2.33 | 6.32 | 3.47 | 1.19 | 1.27 | 0.27 | 0.73 | 1.11 | 0.79 | 1.94 |
Average | 2.60 | 5.14 | 2.14 | 1.13 | 1.10 | 0.21 | 0.61 | 0.85 | 0.78 | 1.62 |
Variables | Ordinary Villager Families (n = 1433) | Rural Cadre Families (n = 127) | t-Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std. Error | Mean | Std. Error | Difference | |
Food waste | 1.59 | 2.21 | 1.97 | 2.56 | −0.38 * |
Flour products | 2.56 | 4.60 | 3.10 | 6.13 | −0.54 |
Rice products | 4.97 | 8.67 | 7.09 | 12.98 | −2.12 ** |
Potato products | 2.14 | 6.11 | 2.24 | 5.97 | −0.10 |
Soybean products | 1.11 | 2.57 | 1.35 | 2.96 | −0.25 |
Pork | 1.07 | 2.44 | 1.42 | 3.15 | −0.35 |
Beef and lamb | 0.20 | 0.84 | 0.27 | 0.90 | −0.07 |
Poultry | 0.61 | 1.64 | 0.61 | 1.58 | 0.00 |
Aquatic products | 0.86 | 2.25 | 0.81 | 1.87 | 0.05 |
Eggs | 0.77 | 1.97 | 0.84 | 1.86 | −0.06 |
Variables | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Food waste: as a proportion of total consumption (%) | 1.62 | 2.24 | 0 | 15.56 |
Village cadres: whether family members serve as village cadres (yes = 1) | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0 | 1 |
Village cadres: annual salary income of village cadres (yuan 1) | 1470.65 | 6423.26 | 0 | 72,000 |
Cooking practices | ||||
Staple food cooking equipment: using traditional cooker (yes = 1) | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
Using a traditional wok for stir-frying (yes = 1) | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0 | 1 |
Preferring spicy food (yes = 1) | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
Preparing the correct amount of food (yes = 1) | 0.76 | 0.43 | 0 | 1 |
Characteristics of household decision makers | ||||
Gender of the decision maker (male = 1) | 0.83 | 0.37 | 0 | 1 |
Age of the decision maker (years) | 53.79 | 10.64 | 21 | 89 |
Years of schooling of the decision maker | 7.28 | 2.65 | 0 | 16 |
Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||
Annual income (yuan 1) | 63,183.58 | 57,778.78 | 2090 | 727,670 |
Number of residents in the household (at home for more than 180 days per year) | 3.58 | 1.46 | 1 | 6 |
Area of land designated for agriculture (mu 2) | 12.50 | 21.42 | 0 | 297 |
Total grain output (tonne) | 6.11 | 9.90 | 0.00 | 136.20 |
Percentage of purchased grain in total consumption in one year (%) | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0 | 1 |
Dependent Variable: Food Waste as a Proportion of Total Consumption | (1) | (2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Coef. | Std. Err. | Coef. | Std. Err. |
Village cadres: whether family members serve as village cadres (yes = 1) | 0.33 ** | 0.14 | ||
Village cadres: annual salary income of village cadres (yuan 1) (logarithmic) | 0.04 *** | 0.01 | ||
Cooking practices | ||||
Staple food cooking equipment: using a traditional cooker (yes = 1) | −0.19 ** | 0.08 | −0.19 ** | 0.08 |
Using a traditional wok for stir-frying (yes = 1) | 0.34 *** | 0.08 | 0.33 *** | 0.08 |
Preferring spicy food (yes = 1) | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.08 |
Preparing the correct amount of food (yes = 1) | −0.17 * | 0.09 | −0.18 ** | 0.09 |
Characteristics of household decision makers | ||||
Gender of the decision maker (male = 1) | 0.002 | 0.10 | 0.005 | 0.10 |
Age of the decision maker (years) | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.004 |
Years of schooling of the decision maker | −0.001 | 0.02 | 0.0001 | 0.02 |
Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||
Annual income (yuan 1) (logarithmic) | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
Number of residents in the household (at home for more than 180 days per year) | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
Area of land designated for agriculture (mu 2) | −0.002 | 0.003 | −0.002 | 0.003 |
Total grain output (tonne) | 0.01 * | 0.01 | 0.01 * | 0.01 |
Percentage of purchased grain in total consumption in one year (%) | −0.67 *** | 0.10 | −0.66 *** | 0.10 |
Location dummy | Controlled | |||
Constant | −5.01 *** | 0.69 | −4.97 *** | 0.69 |
Observations | 1560 |
Outcome | Matching Algorithm | Treated | Controls | ATT | SE | t-Stat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Radius matching | 1.98 | 1.54 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 1.73 | |
Food waste | Caliper matching | 1.98 | 1.22 | 0.76 | 0.30 | 2.52 |
Kernel matching | 1.98 | 1.55 | 0.43 | 0.25 | 1.71 | |
Radius matching | 3.12 | 2.41 | 0.71 | 0.59 | 1.20 | |
Flour products | Caliper matching | 3.12 | 2.39 | 0.73 | 0.78 | 0.94 |
Kernel matching | 3.12 | 2.39 | 0.73 | 0.59 | 1.23 | |
Radius matching | 7.15 | 4.70 | 2.45 | 1.23 | 1.99 | |
Rice products | Caliper matching | 7.15 | 3.55 | 3.60 | 1.43 | 2.52 |
Kernel matching | 7.15 | 4.73 | 2.42 | 1.24 | 1.96 | |
Radius matching | 2.25 | 2.00 | 0.25 | 0.61 | 0.40 | |
Potato products | Caliper matching | 2.25 | 1.76 | 0.49 | 0.77 | 0.63 |
Kernel matching | 2.25 | 2.03 | 0.22 | 0.61 | 0.36 | |
Radius matching | 1.36 | 1.16 | 0.20 | 0.29 | 0.70 | |
Soybean products | Caliper matching | 1.36 | 0.81 | 0.55 | 0.32 | 1.73 |
Kernel matching | 1.36 | 1.17 | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.64 | |
Radius matching | 1.41 | 1.11 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 1.00 | |
Pork | Caliper matching | 1.41 | 0.77 | 0.64 | 0.31 | 2.04 |
Kernel matching | 1.41 | 1.11 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 1.00 | |
Radius matching | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.47 | |
Beef and lamb | Caliper matching | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.79 |
Kernel matching | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.55 | |
Radius matching | 0.62 | 0.65 | −0.03 | 0.16 | −0.17 | |
Poultry | Caliper matching | 0.62 | 0.43 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.98 |
Kernel matching | 0.62 | 0.64 | −0.02 | 0.16 | -0.11 | |
Radius matching | 0.81 | 0.82 | −0.01 | 0.20 | −0.03 | |
Seafood products | Caliper matching | 0.81 | 0.35 | 0.46 | 0.20 | 2.36 |
Kernel matching | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.00 | 0.20 | −0.01 | |
Radius matching | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.00 | 0.19 | −0.01 | |
Eggs | Caliper matching | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.05 | 0.29 | 0.17 |
Kernel matching | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.00 | 0.19 | −0.02 |
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Luo, Y.; Huang, D.; Cao, F. The Impact of Family Members Serving as Village Cadres on Rural Household Food Waste: Evidence from China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2678. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052678
Luo Y, Huang D, Cao F. The Impact of Family Members Serving as Village Cadres on Rural Household Food Waste: Evidence from China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(5):2678. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052678
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Yi, Dong Huang, and Fangfang Cao. 2022. "The Impact of Family Members Serving as Village Cadres on Rural Household Food Waste: Evidence from China" Sustainability 14, no. 5: 2678. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052678