Antecedents of Booster Vaccine Intention for Domestic and International Travel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Values
2.2. Awareness of Consequences and Values
2.3. Norm Activation Model (NAM) and Booster Vaccine Intention
2.4. Theory of Planned Behavior and Booster Vaccine Intention
2.5. Booster Vaccine Intention and Domestic/International Travel Intention
3. Methods
3.1. Measurement Items and Survey Design
3.2. Sampling and Data Collection
4. Results
4.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
4.2. Structural Equation Modeling
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
6.1. Implications
6.2. Limitation and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Measurement items
Constructs | Measurement Items |
---|---|
Conformity |
|
Tradition |
|
Universalism |
|
Benevolence |
|
Security |
|
Vaccine attitude |
|
Vaccine attitude |
|
Perceived behavioral control |
|
Subjective norm |
|
Booster vaccine intention |
|
Awareness of consequences of herd immunity |
|
Ascription of responsibility |
|
Personal norm |
|
International travel intention |
|
Domestic travel intention |
|
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Tendency | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
Self-transcendence ~ Conservation | Benevolence | Benevolence values, such as being helpful, truthful, forgiving, loyal, and responsible, are concerned with enhancing and defending the wellbeing of close peers. |
Tradition | The respect and dedication of a person to his or her culture, religion, and traditions is shown in traditional values, such as modesty and the emphasis on tradition and moderation. | |
Conformity | Obedience, agreement, self-control, and deference to elders are all examples of conformity values, which refer to the restraint of behaviors and tendencies that could damage others and transgress societal norms. | |
Conservation ~ Self enhancement | Security | Social interactions and ensuring an individual’s safety are tied to security values, such as family safety, national security, social order, cleanliness, and reciprocity. |
Power | Social interactions and ensuring an individual’s safety are tied to security values, such as family safety, national security, social order, cleanliness, and reciprocity. | |
Self-enhancement ~Open To Change | Achievement | Success, competence, ambition, and influence are examples of achievement values that primarily focus on an individual’s accomplishment in terms of social standards. |
Hedonism | Values associated with hedonism, such as enjoyment and loving life are connected to the sensual gratification felt by a person after attaining their goals. | |
Stimulation | The excitement, novelty, and challenges that a person experiences during his or her life are referred to as stimulation values, such as varied and exciting lives. | |
Open to Change ~ Self-transcendence | Self-direction | The independence of an individual to decide on his or her actions and choices based on his or her creativity and exploration is referred to as self-direction. Self-direction ideals include creativity, freedom, independence, curiosity, and choosing one’s own goals. |
Universalism | Values associated with universalism, such as enlightenment, and morality. Justice, world peace, a sense of beauty in the world, harmony with nature, and environmental protection all allude to one’s responsibility to comprehend, assess, and safeguard the welfare of all living things. |
Variable | Category | Distribution | Valid Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 145 | 45.7 |
Female | 170 | 54.3 | |
Age | Mean | 31.46 | |
Area of residential | Seoul | 122 | 37.9 |
Gyeonggi-do | 110 | 35.4 | |
others | 83 | 26.4 | |
Marital Status | Single | 212 | 66.7 |
Married | 103 | 33.3 | |
Educational Background | High school or below | 85 | 25.8 |
Bachelor’s degree | 205 | 60.4 | |
Master’s degree | 15 | 8.7 | |
Doctorate | 10 | 5.1 | |
Have you completed your COVID-19 vaccine does? | Yes | 287 | 90.7 |
No | 28 | 9.3 | |
Alone | 100 | 30.5 | |
1 other person | 48 | 16.2 | |
living companions | 2 other people | 126 | 40 |
More than 2 | 41 | 13.3 |
CON | TRAD | SEC | UNIVR | BENEV | AC | AR | PN | AV | PBC | SN | BVI | DT | IT | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | 0.731 b | |||||||||||||
TRAD | 0.711 a | 0.808 | ||||||||||||
SEC | 0.560 | 0.395 | 0.904 | |||||||||||
UNIVR | 0.553 | 0.466 | 0.508 | 0.901 | ||||||||||
BENEV | 0.641 | 0.679 | 0.504 | 0.622 | 0.902 | |||||||||
AC | 0.387 | 0.229 | 0.328 | 0.349 | 0.297 | 0.889 | ||||||||
AR | 0.416 | 0.289 | 0.236 | 0.305 | 0.269 | 0.305 | 0.849 | |||||||
PN | 0.450 | 0.231 | 0.396 | 0.418 | 0.340 | 0.802 | 0.465 | 0.876 | ||||||
AV | 0.383 | 0.238 | 0.338 | 0.428 | 0.302 | 0.702 | 0.415 | 0.797 | 0.909 | |||||
PBC | 0.428 | 0.302 | 0.309 | 0.418 | 0.351 | 0.512 | 0.396 | 0.629 | 0.723 | 0.741 | ||||
SN | 0.423 | 0.294 | 0.407 | 0.393 | 0.381 | 0.632 | 0.347 | 0.763 | 0.730 | 0.683 | 0.909 | |||
BVI | 0.415 | 0.159 | 0.340 | 0.395 | 0.317 | 0.650 | 0.380 | 0.831 | 0.763 | 0.682 | 0.763 | 0.959 | ||
DT | 0.124 | 0.165 | 0.010 | 0.122 | 0.207 | 0.035 | −0.010 | −0.028 | 0.118 | 0.118 | 0.044 | 0.015 | 0.913 | |
IT | 0.337 | 0.289 | 0.256 | 0.287 | 0.254 | 0.430 | 0.141 | 0.440 | 0.526 | 0.387 | 0.437 | 0.430 | 0.348 | 0.916 |
AVE | 0.534 | 0.653 | 0.818 | 0.812 | 0.814 | 0.790 | 0.721 | 0.767 | 0.826 | 0.549 | 0.826 | 0.920 | 0.834 | 0.839 |
CR | 0.692 | 0.788 | 0.899 | 0.896 | 0.897 | 0.919 | 0.883 | 0.929 | 0.966 | 0.772 | 0.950 | 0.972 | 0.952 | 0.940 |
Standardized Estimate | t-Value | Hypothesis Results | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1a: universalism | → | Awareness of consequences of herd immunity | 0.246 | 3.929 *** | Supported |
H1b: Benevolence | → | Awareness of consequences of herd immunity | 0.016 | 0.219 | unsupported |
H1c: Conformity | → | Awareness of consequences of herd immunity | 0.442 | 3.933 *** | Supported |
H1d: Tradition | → | Awareness of consequences of herd immunity | −0.189 | −2.102 * | Supported |
H1e: Security | → | Awareness of consequences of herd immunity | 0.111 | 1.979 * | Supported |
H2: Awareness of consequences of herd immunity | → | Ascribed responsibility | 0.471 | 8.974 *** | Supported |
H3: Ascribed responsibility | → | Personal norms | 0.491 | 10.068 *** | Supported |
H4: Personal norms | → | Booster vaccine intention | 0.425 | 14.546 *** | Supported |
H5a: Awareness of consequences of herd immunity | → | Attitude toward booster vaccine | 1.395 | 17.484 *** | Supported |
H5b: Awareness of consequences of herd immunity | → | Subjective norms | 1.084 | 16.557 *** | Supported |
H5c: Awareness of consequences of herd immunity | → | Perceived behavioral control | 1.094 | 14.197 *** | Supported |
H6a: Attitude toward booster vaccine | → | Booster vaccination intention | 0.226 | 5.957 *** | Supported |
H6b: Subjective norms | → | Booster vaccination intention | 0.315 | 6.452 *** | Supported |
H6c: Perceived behavioral control | → | Booster vaccination intention | 0.165 | 3.788 *** | Supported |
H7: Booster vaccine intention | → | Domestic travel intention | 0.019 | 0.578 | Unsupported |
H8: Booster vaccine intention | → | International travel intention | 0.395 | 9.190 *** | Supported |
Total variance explained: | Total impact on international travel intention | Total impact on domestic travel intention | |||
R2 of AC = 0.340 | CON = 0.302 | CON = 0.006 | |||
R2 of AR = 0.222 | TRAD = −0.051 | TRAD = −0.003 | |||
R2 of PN = 0.241 | SEC = 0.030 | SEC = 0.001 | |||
R2 of AVT = 0.774 | UNIVER = 0.066 | UNIVER = 0.003 | |||
R2 of PBC = 0.590 | BENEV = 0.004 | BENEV = 0.000 | |||
R2 of SN = 0.703 | AV = 0.099 | AV = 0.005 | |||
R2 of BVI = 0.686 | PBC = 0.065 | PBC = 0.003 | |||
R2 of DT = 0.000 | SN = 0.112 | SN = 0.006 | |||
R2 of IT = 0.156 | BVI = 0.395 | BVI = 0.019 |
Indirect Effect of | On | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AR | PN | AV | PBC | SN | BVI | DT | IT | |
CON | 0.169 *** | 0.121 *** | 0.533 *** | 0.418 *** | 0.414 *** | 0.374 *** | 0.011 | 0.152 *** |
TRAD | −0.080 * | −0.057 * | −0.253 * | −0.199 * | −0.197 * | −0.318 * | −0.010 | −0.129 * |
SEC | 0.049 | 0.035 | 0.154 | 0.121 | 0.120 | 0.108 | 0.003 | 0.044 |
UNIVER | 0.077 ** | 0.055 ** | 0.244 ** | 0.191 ** | 0.189 ** | 0.171 ** | 0.005 | 0.069 ** |
BENEV | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.020 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.006 |
AC | - | 0.315 *** | - | - | - | 0.977 *** | 0.030 | 0.397 *** |
AR | - | - | - | - | - | 0.318 *** | 0.010 | 0.129 *** |
PN | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.014 | 0.181 *** |
AV | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.007 | 0.092 *** |
PBC | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.005 | 0.067 ** |
SN | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.010 | 0.128 *** |
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Almokdad, E.; Kiatkawsin, K.; Lee, C.H. Antecedents of Booster Vaccine Intention for Domestic and International Travel. Sustainability 2023, 15, 6399. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086399
Almokdad E, Kiatkawsin K, Lee CH. Antecedents of Booster Vaccine Intention for Domestic and International Travel. Sustainability. 2023; 15(8):6399. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086399
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmokdad, Eeman, Kiattipoom Kiatkawsin, and Chung Hun Lee. 2023. "Antecedents of Booster Vaccine Intention for Domestic and International Travel" Sustainability 15, no. 8: 6399. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086399