Valorization of Hibiscus Flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Anthocyanins to Produce Sustainable Spray-Dried Ingredients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Hibiscus-Flower Flour (HFF)
2.3. Preliminary Evaluation of Anthocyanins Extraction
2.3.1. Anthocyanin (ANC) Quantification
2.4. Optimization of Anthocyanins Extraction
2.5. Optimization of Production by Spray Drying
Solids Recovery (%) and ANC Retention (%)
2.6. Oxidative Stability Test
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preliminary Evaluation of ANC Extraction
3.2. Anthocyanin Recovery from HFF
3.3. Production of Spray-Dried Anthocyanin-Rich Components
3.4. Rancimat Test—Assessment of Oxidative Stability Index
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experimental Factors | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|
−1 | 0 | +1 | |
Temperature (°C) | 31 | 35 | 39 |
pH | 1.5 | 2.3 | 3.2 |
EtOH concentration (% v/v) | 44 | 50 | 56 |
Extraction time (h) | 1.6 | 4.0 | 6.4 |
Solid-to-liquid ratio (% w/v) | 19 | 23 | 27 |
Experimental Factors | Levels | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
−α | −1 | 0 | +1 | +α | |
EtOH concentration (% v/v) | 39.9 | 44 | 50 | 56 | 60.1 |
Extraction time (h) | 0.1 | 1.6 | 4.0 | 6.4 | 8 |
Experimental Factors | Levels | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
−α | −1 | 0 | +1 | +α | |
Carrier ratio (% w/v) | 0.6 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 3.4 |
Inlet temperature (°C) | 153.4 | 160 | 176 | 192 | 198.6 |
Factor | df | SS | MS | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 5 | 1.424 × 107 | 2.849 × 106 | 4.39 | 0.0146 * |
A: Temperature (°C) | 1 | 1.568 × 105 | 1.568 × 105 | 0.2416 | 0.6312 |
B: pH | 1 | 4.442 × 105 | 4.442 × 105 | 0.6844 | 0.4230 |
C: EtOH concentration (% v/v) | 1 | 3.907 × 106 | 3.907 × 106 | 6.02 | 0.0290 * |
D: Extraction time (h) | 1 | 8.034 × 106 | 8.034 × 106 | 12.38 | 0.0038 ** |
E: S/L ratio (% w/v) | 1 | 1.702 × 106 | 1.702 × 106 | 2.62 | 0.1294 |
Residual | 13 | 8.438 × 106 | 6.491 × 105 | ||
Lack of Fit | 11 | 8.217 × 106 | 7.470 × 105 | 6.75 | 0.1360 |
Pure Error | 2 | 2.213 × 105 | 1.106 × 105 | ||
Cor Total | 18 | 2.268 × 107 |
EtOH Concentration (% v/v) | Time (h) | ANC Concentration (mg C3G/L) |
---|---|---|
50 † | 4 † | 1453 |
50 | 8 | 1956 |
50 † | 4 † | 1415 |
44 | 6.4 | 1963 |
50 † | 4 † | 1654 |
50 † | 4 † | 1500 |
50 | 0.1 | 951 |
60.1 | 4 | 1337 |
44 | 1.6 | 1445 |
56 | 6.4 | 1724 |
56 | 1.6 | 1020 |
39.9 | 4 | 2211 |
50 † | 4 † | 1616 |
Carrier Ratio (% w/v) | Inlet Temperature (°C) | Solids Recovery (%) | ANC Retention (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 160 | 50.0 | 88.7 |
2 | 198.6 | 72.5 | 92.7 |
0.6 | 176 | 59.3 | 85.7 |
3 | 192 | 59.3 | 94.8 |
2 † | 176 † | 65.3 | 93.5 |
2 † | 176 † | 63.0 | 93.7 |
3.4 | 176 | 57.4 | 96.0 |
2 † | 176 † | 60.6 | 94.3 |
1 | 192 | 58.0 | 88.4 |
3 | 160 | 56.7 | 95.1 |
2 | 153.4 | 46.5 | 94.0 |
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Vargas, D.A.; Vargas, N.; Osorio-Doblado, A.M.; Ruano-Ortiz, J.A.; Medeiros, F.G.M.d.; Hoskin, R.T.; Moncada, M. Valorization of Hibiscus Flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Anthocyanins to Produce Sustainable Spray-Dried Ingredients. Sustainability 2024, 16, 5523. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135523
Vargas DA, Vargas N, Osorio-Doblado AM, Ruano-Ortiz JA, Medeiros FGMd, Hoskin RT, Moncada M. Valorization of Hibiscus Flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Anthocyanins to Produce Sustainable Spray-Dried Ingredients. Sustainability. 2024; 16(13):5523. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135523
Chicago/Turabian StyleVargas, David A., Nathaly Vargas, Andrea M. Osorio-Doblado, Juan A. Ruano-Ortiz, Fábio G. M. de Medeiros, Roberta T. Hoskin, and Marvin Moncada. 2024. "Valorization of Hibiscus Flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Anthocyanins to Produce Sustainable Spray-Dried Ingredients" Sustainability 16, no. 13: 5523. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135523