Seismic Microzonation Mapping for Urban and Land Sustainable Planning in High Seismicity Areas (L’Aquila Municipality, Central Italy): The Contribution of 2D Modeling for the Evaluation of the Amplification Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Sustainable urban planning: based on the information provided by SM, urban development can be planned to optimize construction costs and minimize potential economic and social costs (in probabilistic terms) to the population in terms of damage to people and infrastructures in case of a seismic event.
- Seismic risk reduction: SM identifies areas with greater seismic vulnerability, allowing for more targeted and effective seismic risk prevention and mitigation measures.
- Protection of historical and cultural heritage: SM can be used to protect historical and cultural heritage from seismic damage by identifying areas where specific intervention measures are needed.
- Post-earthquake reconstruction: in case of an earthquake, SM provides valuable information for reconstruction planning, allowing resources to be directed to the most potentially affected areas.
2. Geological Setting of Plio–Quaternary L’Aquila Basin (LAB)
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Database Set Up
3.2. The 2D Microtremor Arrays
3.3. Seismic Input
3.4. Computer Code Selection
3.5. Third-Level MS Mapping
4. Results
5. Discussions
5.1. The Subsoil Model
5.1.1. Preturo–Sassa Area
5.1.2. Bazzano–Monticchio Area
5.2. The Numerical Modelling and Third-Level SM Deliverables
5.3. Model Validation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Unit Code (+) | Synthem/Formation (*) | Age |
---|---|---|
ant | - | Holocene |
fra | Aterno Synthem | Holocene |
fal | Aterno Synthem | Holocene |
all3 | Aterno Synthem | Holocene |
col | Aterno Synthem | Holocene; Upper Pleistocene (upper part) |
at3 | Ponte Peschio Synthem | Upper Pleistocene (upper part) |
at2 | Fosso Vetoio Synthem | Upper Pleistocene (upper part) |
dbf | Colle Macchione–L’Aquila Synthem | Middle Pleistocene (upper part) |
at1 | Fosso Genzano Synthem | Middle Pleistocene (lower part) |
ver | San Marco Formation (Preturo–Sassa area) | Calabrian (lower part) |
all2 | Madonna della Strada Formation | Calabrian (lower-middle part) |
all1 | Colle Cantaro-Cave Formation (Preturo–Sassa area) | upper Piacenzian–Gelasian |
all1 | Valle Orsa Formation (Bazzano–Monticchio area) | upper Piacenzian–Gelasian |
ver | Valle Valiano Formation (Bazzano–Monticchio area) | upper Piacenzian–Gelasian |
UAP, UAM, UAM3, UAM1b | terrigenous substratum | upper Miocene |
CBZ and many other codes | carbonate substratum | middle Miocene–upper Jurassic |
Unit Code (+) | Depositional Environment | Grain Size and Rock Mass Characteristics |
---|---|---|
ant | anthropic deposit | mainly gravel |
fra | landslide deposit | mainly gravel |
fal | slope deposit | mainly gravel |
all3 | fluvial deposit | sand and gravel |
col | colluvium | sandy and gravelly clay, sand |
at3 | terraced fluvial deposit | gravel |
at2 | terraced fluvial deposit | gravel |
dbf | rock avalanche–debris flow deposit | massive calcareous breccia |
at1 | terraced fluvial deposit | gravel |
ver | slope deposit San Marco Formation (Preturo–Sassa area) | massive calcareous breccia |
all2 | fluvial deposit | clay |
all1 | fluvial deposit (Preturo–Sassa area) | gravel |
all1 | fluvial (Gilbert-type fan delta) deposit Valle Orsa Formation (Bazzano–Monticchio area) | gravel |
ver | slope deposit Valle Valiano Formation (Bazzano–Monticchio area) | stratified breccia |
UAP, UAM, UAM3, UAM1b | siliciclastic foredeep turbidites and hemipelagic pelite | alternation of different stratified arenaceous–marly–clayey lithologies |
CBZ and many other codes | carbonate rocks (ramp, slope-to-basin, and reef environment) | mainly stratified carbonate lithologies |
Unit Code (+) | Vs (m/s) | Unit Weight (kN/m3) | Poisson’s Ratio | G/G0-γ and D-γ Decay Curves |
---|---|---|---|---|
ant | 250 | 17 | 0.2 | gravel medium model by [42] |
fra | 300 | 20 | 0.4 | gravel medium model by [42] |
fal | 300 | 20 | 0.4 | gravel medium model by [42] |
all3 | sand: 250 gravel: 300 | 19 | 0.2 | sand model (upper–lower) by [41] gravel medium model by [42] |
col | 250 | 19 | 0.2 | sand model (upper–lower) by [41] |
at3 | 400 | 19 | 0.2 | gravel medium model by [42] |
at2 | 400 | 19 | 0.2 | gravel medium model by [42] |
dbf | 800 | 20 | 0.2 | model by [44] |
at1 | 500 | 21 | 0.2 | gravel medium model by [42] |
ver | 1200 | 21 | 0.2 | elastic linear (damping: 0.5%) |
all2 | 450 (Preturo–Sassa area) 450 (0–30 m) 600 (30–60 m) 700 (60–120 m) 750 (110–160 m) 800 (>160 m) (Bazzano–Monticchio area) | 19 | 0.2 | experimental data by sample S3 C3 Cese di Preturo [43] |
all1 | 800 | 20 | 0.2 | gravel medium model by [42] |
UAP, UAM, UAM3, UAM1b | 800 | 22 | 0.2 | elastic linear (damping: 0.5%) |
carbonate rocks SCZ, CBZ, etc. | 1250 | 22 | 0.2 | elastic linear (damping: 0.5%) |
Main Seismic Boundary (+) | Vs (m/s) | Thickness (m) | Depth (m bgl) | Average Vs (m/s) with Respect to Depth | Evaluated Resonance Frequency (Hz) | Measured Resonance Frequency (Hz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
bottom col | 200 | 20 | 20 | 200 | 2.5 | 2.5–10 |
bottom all2 | 350 | 30 | 50 | 310 | 1.5 | 1.0–1.5 |
bottom all1 | 500 | 50 | 100 | 405 | 1.0 | 1.0–1.5 |
bottom UAP | 700 | 100 | 200 | 552 | 0.7 | 0.4–0.7 |
Main Seismic Boundary (+) | Vs (m/s) | Thickness (m) | Depth (m bgl) | Average Vs (m/s) with Respect to Depth | Evaluated Resonance Frequency (Hz) | Measured Resonance Frequency (Hz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
bottom all3 | 250 | 4 | 4 | 250 | 16 | - |
bottom at1 | 500 | 16 | 20 | 450 | 5.6 | 4–5 |
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Tallini, M.; Morana, E.; Guerriero, V.; Di Giulio, G.; Vassallo, M. Seismic Microzonation Mapping for Urban and Land Sustainable Planning in High Seismicity Areas (L’Aquila Municipality, Central Italy): The Contribution of 2D Modeling for the Evaluation of the Amplification Factors. Sustainability 2024, 16, 8401. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198401
Tallini M, Morana E, Guerriero V, Di Giulio G, Vassallo M. Seismic Microzonation Mapping for Urban and Land Sustainable Planning in High Seismicity Areas (L’Aquila Municipality, Central Italy): The Contribution of 2D Modeling for the Evaluation of the Amplification Factors. Sustainability. 2024; 16(19):8401. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198401
Chicago/Turabian StyleTallini, Marco, Enrico Morana, Vincenzo Guerriero, Giuseppe Di Giulio, and Maurizio Vassallo. 2024. "Seismic Microzonation Mapping for Urban and Land Sustainable Planning in High Seismicity Areas (L’Aquila Municipality, Central Italy): The Contribution of 2D Modeling for the Evaluation of the Amplification Factors" Sustainability 16, no. 19: 8401. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198401