Well-Being and Sustainable Utilization of Forest Environment with Diverse Vegetation Distributions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Exposure to the Forest Environment Can Effectively Enhance the Public’s Immunity
1.2. Exposure to the Forest Environment Can Effectively Promote Public’s Physical Health
1.3. Exposure to the Forest Environment Can Effectively Improve the Public’s Mental Health
- (1)
- Experience the forest environment with VR equipment. Is it the restoration effect caused by the environment itself?
- (2)
- How does the forest environment with different vegetation distributions affect people’s physiological and psychological recovery?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Selection and Method
2.2. Index Selection
2.2.1. Physiological Stress Index
2.2.2. Psychological Stress Index
2.3. Experimental Design
- Part 1: Stage of experimental preparation
- Part 2: Stage of experimental testing
- Part 3: Stage of experimental data collection
3. Results
- (1)
- The stress pressurization method (verbal calculation and noise) used in our experiment was effective;
- (2)
- After experiencing stress, users’ physiological and psychological indices reached the same level, and there were no significant differences in different environments.
3.1. Restoration Effect and Difference of Users in Indoor Environment and Forest Environment
3.1.1. Physiological Recovery
- ➀
- EEG
- ➁
- Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
3.1.2. Psychological Recovery
- ➀
- BPOMOS
- ➁
- PANAS
3.2. Restoration Effect and Difference of Users in Forest Environment with Different Vegetation Layout
3.2.1. Physiological Recovery in Forest Environment
- ➀
- EEG
- ➁
- Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
3.2.2. Psychological Recovery in Forest Environment
- ➀
- BPOMOS
- ➁
- PANAS
3.2.3. Summary
4. Discussion
4.1. Which Factor Has a Significant Impact on the Physical and Mental Recovery Effect of Human Beings or the Time Effect?
4.2. Does the Distribution of Vegetation in the Forest Environment Have a Significant Impact on the Effect of Human Restoration?
4.3. Rationality and Limitations
4.3.1. Rationality
4.3.2. Limitations
4.3.3. Future Research
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Experiencing the forest environment can promote users’ physiological and psychological health, and its recovery effect is significantly better than that of the indoor environment (p < 0.05).
- (2)
- The recovery effect of the forest environment on users is influenced by the distribution of vegetation in space, and its recovery dimension on people will also change accordingly.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Index | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Electroencephalogram (EEG) | β wave (β) | Higher value, higher the degree of concentration. |
α wave (α) | Higher value, higher the degree of relaxation. | |
Blood Pressure and Heart Rate | Systolic blood pressure (SBP) | A decrease in the value indicates the recovery from stress. The decrease of value represents the increase in people’s relaxation. |
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) | ||
Heart rate (HR) |
Type | Primary Index | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Brief Profile of Mood States (BPOMS) | Tension (T) | Higher value, higher the degree of tension. |
Anger (A) | Higher value, higher the degree of anger. | |
Depression (D) | Higher value, higher the degree of depression. | |
Fatigue (F) | Higher value, higher the degree of fatigue. | |
Confusion (C) | Higher value, higher the degree of confusion. | |
Vigor (V) | Higher value, higher the degree of vigor. | |
Total mood disturbance (TMD) | TMD = T + A + D + F + C − V | |
Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) | Positive affect (PA) | Higher value, higher positive emotion. |
Negative affect (NA) | Higher value, higher negative emotion. |
β | α | SBP | DBP | HR | T | A | D | F | C | V | TMD | PA | NA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chi-Square | 2.199 | 6.588 | 4.124 | 7.893 | 1.704 | 2.405 | 0.477 | 1.651 | 2.304 | 4.867 | 1.468 | 1.489 | 4.489 | 2.708 |
df | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Asymp.Sig. | 0.532 | 0.086 | 0.248 | 0.048 | 0.636 | 0.493 | 0.924 | 0.648 | 0.512 | 0.182 | 0.690 | 0.685 | 0.213 | 0.439 |
N | 188 | 188 | 188 | 188 | 188 | 188 | 188 | 188 | 188 | 188 | 188 | 188 | 188 | 188 |
EEG | Blood Pressure and Heart Rate | BPOMS | PANAS | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cluster distribution | β↑; α↑ | SBP↓; DBP↓; HR↓↓↓ | T↓↓↓; A↓↓; D↓↓↓; F↓↓↓; C↓↓↓; V↑; TMD↓↓↓ | PA↑; NA↓↓ |
Uniform distribution | β↑↑↑; α↑↑ | SBP↓↓; DBP↓↓↓; HR↓↓ | T↓; A↓; D↓; F↓; C↑; V↑↑↑; TMD↓ | PA↑↑↑; NA↓ |
Random distribution | β↑↑; α↑↑↑ | SBP↓↓↓; DBP↓↓; HR↓ | T↓↓; A↓↓↓; D↓↓; F↓↓; C↓↓; V↑↑; TMD↓↓ | PA↑↑; NA↓↓↓ |
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Gao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, W.; Meng, H.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, T. Well-Being and Sustainable Utilization of Forest Environment with Diverse Vegetation Distributions. Sustainability 2024, 16, 8469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198469
Gao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Meng H, Zhang Z, Zhang T. Well-Being and Sustainable Utilization of Forest Environment with Diverse Vegetation Distributions. Sustainability. 2024; 16(19):8469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198469
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Yu, Yingna Zhang, Weikang Zhang, Huan Meng, Zhi Zhang, and Tong Zhang. 2024. "Well-Being and Sustainable Utilization of Forest Environment with Diverse Vegetation Distributions" Sustainability 16, no. 19: 8469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198469