The Contribution of Energy-Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource Use–A Case Study on Residential Settlement Development in Dhaka City, Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background of Energy-optimized Urban Planning
3. Methodology
3.1. Conceptual Framework: The "EnUp" Model
3.2. Assessment Method, Data Collection and Analysis
4. Results of Case Study
4.1. Current Status
4.1.1. Urban Planning and Development
4.1.2. Residential Settlement Development and Energy Concerns
4.1.3. Actors Involved in Residential Settlement Development
Sector/Agency | Applied Projects | Approved Projects |
---|---|---|
Electricity suppliers | No records | Information could not be collected |
Transport Authority | No records | 02 |
Gas suppliers | 20 | 06 |
Department of Environment (DoE) | 27 | 02 |
Dhaka city corporation | No record | 06 |
4.1.4. Regulatory Frameworks in Place
Law/Policy and Enactment Year | Potential | Weakness |
---|---|---|
Town Improvement Act (TIA Act 1953) | Basis for building code and land use clearance | Prescribed land use enforcement is optimized in case of privately owned land |
Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (1995–2005) | Identified suitable areas for residential settlement development | Lack of detailed guidelines and even created conflicts with other regulations; need to address energy parameters |
Environmental Conservation Act, 1995 | Legal basis for environmental assessment at least for large scale residential settlement projects, the small scale project also should be realized | Mostly focused on industrial and transport pollution control; soft punishment of violation (<5 years imprisonment or fine <$1500 USD or both) |
Private Housing Project Land Development Rule, 2004 | Focused on social, physical and environmental standards; Keep approval provision by several urban authorities including energy agencies and transport authority | Almost no provision of punishment imposed other than old legal provisions; Lack of common understanding among different urban stakeholders. No project has approved under this rule yet |
Public–Private Partnership Flat Housing Policy (2008) on public vacant land | Encourage innovative solutions to control land supply, mobility and urban form | Increase gentrification and flood risk |
Metropolitan Building Construction Rules, 2008 | Introduced FAR which to enhance environmental, social and aesthetic values | Limited focus on energy efficiency issue in terms of building design, material use and construction management |
National Renewable Energy Policy, 2008 | Promote renewable energy with an objective to meet 5% of the total power demand by 2015 and 10% by 2020 | Urban sector has all most ignored whereas more focused on rural electrification |
Real Estate Development and Management Act, 2010 | Basis to impose innovative energy related strategies as it is dealing with management of property transfer and registration | No punishment provision due to violation, no price control mechanism; No concerns about conservation of ecological sensitive area |
National Green Building Code, 2012 | Instrument to reduce energy consumptions, water use and environmental impact by regulating building design and constructions | Still under consultation which subject to government approval; No significant punishment assigned for violation |
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Potential of “EnUp" Model in the Context of Dhaka
5.1.1. State of Individual Planning Steps
5.1.2. Methods, Models, and Tools that Work for the City
5.1.3. Challenges and Barriers
5.1.4. Where Further Efforts are Needed
6. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sikder, S.K.; Eanes, F.; Asmelash, H.B.; Kar, S.; Koetter, T. The Contribution of Energy-Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource Use–A Case Study on Residential Settlement Development in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Sustainability 2016, 8, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8020119
Sikder SK, Eanes F, Asmelash HB, Kar S, Koetter T. The Contribution of Energy-Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource Use–A Case Study on Residential Settlement Development in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Sustainability. 2016; 8(2):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8020119
Chicago/Turabian StyleSikder, Sujit Kumar, Francis Eanes, Henok Birhanu Asmelash, Shiba Kar, and Theo Koetter. 2016. "The Contribution of Energy-Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource Use–A Case Study on Residential Settlement Development in Dhaka City, Bangladesh" Sustainability 8, no. 2: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8020119