Dietary Patterns and the Double Burden of Malnutrition in Mexican Adolescents: Results from ENSANUT-2006
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Study Population
2.2. Population Characteristics
2.3. Dietary Data
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Dietary Patterns
3.2. Association of Dietary Patterns with Overweight and Obesity
3.3. Association of Dietary Patterns with Anemia
3.4. Association of Dietary Patterns with Stunting
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Girls | Boys | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12–15 Years (n = 2222) | 16–19 Years (n = 1630) | p-Value | 12–15 Years (n = 2377) | 16–19 Years (n = 1377) | p-Value | |
Age Median (Range) | 13.5 (12.0–15.0) | 17.5 (16.0–19.0) | 13.5 (12.0–15.0) | 17.5 (16.0–19.0) | ||
Socioeconomic level (%) | 0.38 | 0.08 | ||||
Low | 48.9 | 48.1 | 48.5 | 43.2 | ||
Medium | 32.9 | 31.2 | 31.0 | 31.8 | ||
High | 18.2 | 20.8 | 20.5 | 25.0 | ||
Area of living | 0.12 | 0.07 | ||||
Urban | 56.5 | 59.9 | 57.1 | 61.8 | ||
Region | 0.27 | 0.06 | ||||
North | 13.1 | 11.9 | 11.3 | 15.2 | ||
Centre | 45.5 | 48.7 | 48.6 | 46.3 | ||
South | 48.6 | 39.4 | 40.1 | 38.6 | ||
Weight status (%) | 0.86 | 0.015 | ||||
Thinness | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.1 | ||
Normal weight | 66.6 | 67.2 | 67.2 | 71.8 | ||
Overweight/Obese | 31.9 | 31.1 | 30.3 | 26.2 | ||
Stunting (%) | 13.8 | 21.1 | < 0.0001 | 14.3 | 19.2 | 0.012 |
Stunted subjects with overweight–obesity (%) £ | 25.0 | 31.2 | 19.2 | 25.2 | ||
Anemia (%) ₰ | 10.2 | 10.8 | 0.67 | 6.3 | 3.6 | 0.005 |
Anemic subjects with overweight–obesity (%) ꜜ | 40.2 | 30.2 | 33.5 | 24.0 |
Food Group | Average Intake (g/day) | Nontraditional and Breakfast-Type | Western | Plant-Based | Protein-Rich |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tortilla | 194.5 | −0.51 | |||
Other cereals | 29.6 | 0.33 | |||
Breakfast cereals | 5.0 | 0.63 | |||
Maize-based food | 50.2 | 0.36 | |||
Fast-food | 5.1 | 0.34 | |||
Legumes | 74.3 | 0.58 | |||
Fruit | 186.2 | 0.54 | |||
Vegetables | 63.8 | 0.50 | |||
Poultry and red meat | 47.1 | 0.31 | |||
Fish and seafood | 8.3 | ||||
Charcuterie | 8.3 | 0.49 | |||
Milk * | 166.8 | 0.66 | |||
Eggs | 31.4 | 0.51 | |||
Fat | 1.9 | 0.40 | |||
Sweets | 24.7 | 0.35 | |||
Cookies | 202.7 | ||||
Salty snacks | 9.0 | 0.55 | |||
Industrialized sweet drinks * | 262.6 | 0.63 | |||
Nonindustrialized sweet drinks * | 256.2 | 0.53 | |||
Dairy | 33.5 | 0.37 | |||
Sandwich | 21.6 | 0.30 | 0.36 | ||
Fried vegetarian dishes | 6.6 | 0.36 | |||
Sweet bakery | 27.3 | 0.31 | |||
Soup | 66.3 | 0.50 | |||
Pasta and rice | 23.7 | 0.57 | |||
Nuts and avocado | 7.5 | 0.40 |
Nontraditional and Breakfast-Type | Western | Plant-Based | Protein-Rich | |
---|---|---|---|---|
EI:BMR ratio | −0.04 * | 0.29 * | 0.48 * | 0.29 * |
Energy (kcal) | −0.04 * | 0.36 * | 0.47 * | 0.33 * |
Protein (% energy) | 0.38 * | −0.05 * | −0.09 * | 0.27 * |
Fat (% energy) | 0.32 * | 0.43 * | −0.03 * | 0.13 * |
CHO’s (% energy) | −0.37 * | −0.36 * | 0.05 * | −0.18 * |
Fiber (g) | −0.30 * | −0.02 * | 0.41 * | 0.37 * |
Sugar (g) | 0.15 * | 0.38 * | 0.23 * | −0.01 |
Ca (mg) | 0.15 * | 0.06 * | 0.38 * | 0.20 * |
Fe (mg) | −0.06 * | 0.26 * | 0.37 * | 0.35 * |
Zn (mg) | 0.11 * | 0.31 * | 0.38 * | 0.39 * |
Vit C (mg) | 0.18 * | −0.03 * | 0.51 * | 0.16 * |
Vit A (IU) | 0.25 * | −0.04 * | 0.49 * | 0.23 * |
Vit B12 (mg) | 0.40 * | 0.33 * | 0.26 * | 0.23 * |
Dietary Pattern | Total * (n = 7380) | 12–15 years ₰ (n = 4451) | 16–19 years ₰ (n = 2929) | Boys ¥ (n = 3610) | Girls ¥ (n = 3770) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nontraditional and breakfast-type | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) | 1.01 (0.93–1.11) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) |
Western | 1.15 (1.08–1.21) | 1.14 (1.06–1.22) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.23 (1.12–1.34) | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) |
Plant-based | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 1.20 (1.11–1.30) | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 1.12 (1.04–1.22) |
Protein-rich | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 0.97 (0.96–1.03) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 0.98 (0.91–1.05) |
Dietary Pattern | Total * (n = 7080) | 12–15 years ₰ (n = 4288) | 16–19 years ₰ (n = 2792) | Boys ¥ (n = 3447) | Girls ¥ (n = 3633) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nontraditional and breakfast-type | 0.91 (0.81–1.01) | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 0.96 (0.80–1.16) | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 0.83 (0.73–0.96) |
Western | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) | 1.11 (0.94–1.30) | 1.13 (0.92–1.38) | 1.11 (0.94–1.30) | 1.24 (1.06–1.45) |
Plant-based | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 0.87 (0.76–1.01) | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) |
Protein-rich | 1.02 (0.92–1.12) | 1.09 (0.95–1.25) | 0.92 (0.79–1.06) | 1.09 (0.95–1.25) | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) |
Dietary Pattern | Total * | 12–15 years ₰ (n = 4451) | 16–19 years ₰ (n = 2929) | Boys ¥ (n = 3610) | Girls ¥ (n = 3770) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nontraditional and breakfast-type | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) | 0.90 (0.80–1.00) | 0.85 (0.77–0.95) | 0.89 (0.81–0.97) | 0.86 (0.77–1.03) |
Western | 0.86 (0.80–0.92) | 0.88 (0.80–0.97) | 0.85 (0.76–0.96) | 0.81 (0.74–0.89) | 0.93 (0.83–1.03) |
Plant-based | 0.85 (0.79–0.92) | 0.80 (0.71–0.90) | 0.90 (0.80–1.02) | 0.80 (0.71–0.90) | 0.80 (0.72–0.89) |
Protein-rich | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) |
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Zárate-Ortiz, A.G.; Melse-Boonstra, A.; Rodríguez-Ramírez, S.; Hernández-Cordero, S.; Feskens, E.J.M. Dietary Patterns and the Double Burden of Malnutrition in Mexican Adolescents: Results from ENSANUT-2006. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2753. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112753
Zárate-Ortiz AG, Melse-Boonstra A, Rodríguez-Ramírez S, Hernández-Cordero S, Feskens EJM. Dietary Patterns and the Double Burden of Malnutrition in Mexican Adolescents: Results from ENSANUT-2006. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2753. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112753
Chicago/Turabian StyleZárate-Ortiz, Arli Guadalupe, Alida Melse-Boonstra, Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez, Sonia Hernández-Cordero, and Edith J. M. Feskens. 2019. "Dietary Patterns and the Double Burden of Malnutrition in Mexican Adolescents: Results from ENSANUT-2006" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2753. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112753