Do a Few Weeks Matter? Late Preterm Infants and Breastfeeding Issues
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Foreign Mothers (n = 26) | Italian Mothers (n = 123) | Total (n = 149) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Sociodemographic features | ||||||
Maternal age | ||||||
20–29 years | 8 | 30.8 | 8 | 6.5 | 16 | 10.7 |
30–34 years | 10 | 38.5 | 37 | 30.1 | 47 | 31.5 |
35–39 years | 5 | 19.2 | 41 | 33.3 | 46 | 30.9 |
40–49 years | 3 | 11.5 | 37 | 30.1 | 40 | 26.8 |
Education | ||||||
High school diploma | 18 | 69.2 | 53 | 43.1 | 71 | 47.7 |
Degree | 8 | 30.8 | 70 | 56.9 | 78 | 52.3 |
Previous experiences | ||||||
Prenatal classes | ||||||
Yes | 9 | 34.6 | 63 | 51.2 | 72 | 48.3 |
No | 17 | 65.4 | 60 | 48.8 | 77 | 51.7 |
Previous breastfeeding experience | ||||||
Positive | 7 | 27 | 22 | 18 | 29 | 19.4 |
None | 19 | 73 | 88 | 71.5 | 107 | 71.8 |
Negative | 0 | 0 | 13 | 10.5 | 13 | 8.8 |
Delivery and peripartum experiences | ||||||
Mode of delivery | ||||||
Eutocic | 8 | 30.8 | 35 | 28.4 | 43 | 28.9 |
Vacuum/forceps | 0 | 0 | 6 | 4.9 | 6 | 4.0 |
Emergency cesarean section | 8 | 30.8 | 36 | 29.3 | 44 | 29.5 |
Elective cesarean section | 10 | 38.4 | 46 | 37.4 | 56 | 37.6 |
Twins | 8 | 20 | 32 | 80 | 40 | 100 |
Skin-to-skin contact | ||||||
Yes | 2 | 7.7 | 5 | 4.1 | 7 | 4.7 |
No | 24 | 92.3 | 118 | 95.9 | 142 | 95.3 |
Rooming-in | ||||||
Yes | 5 | 19.2 | 12 | 9.8 | 17 | 11.4 |
No | 21 | 80.1 | 111 | 90.2 | 132 | 88.6 |
Lactation factors | ||||||
Type of breastfeeding | ||||||
Scheduled | 11 | 42.3 | 67 | 54.5 | 78 | 52.3 |
On demand | 15 | 57.7 | 56 | 45.5 | 71 | 47.7 |
Variable | Before Discharge * (n = 149) | First Visit after Discharge (n = 138) | 15 Days of Life (n = 134) | 40 Days of Life (n = 127) | 90 Days of Life (n = 119) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Lactation factors | |||||
Latching difficulty | 44 (29.5) | 29 (21) | 28 (20.9) | 13 (10.2) | 8 (6.7) |
Pacifier | 42 (28.1) | 45 (32.6) | 51 (38) | 69 (54.3) | 72 (60.5) |
Feeling of reduced milk supply | 5 (3.3) | 6 (4.4) | 10 (7.4) | 12 (9.4) | 5 (4.2) |
Type of feeding | |||||
Exclusive breastfeeding | 25 (16.8) | 53 (38.4) | 54 (40.3) | 43 (33.8) | 37 (31.1) |
Predominant breastfeeding | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.7) | 6 (5.0) |
Mixed feeding | 113 (75.8) | 71 (51.5) | 64 (47.8) | 46 (36.2) | 25 (21.0) |
Formula feeding | 11 (7.4) | 14 (10.1) | 16 (11.9) | 36 (28.3) | 51 (42.9) |
Lost to follow up | 0 | 11(7.3) | 15 (10) | 22 (14.8) | 30 (20) |
OR Crude (95% CI) | OR Adjusted * (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Sociodemographic features | ||
Maternal age | ||
Maternal age < 30 years | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
Maternal age 30–34 years | 1.5 (0.6–3.9) | 0.8 (0.2–2.9) |
Maternal age 35–39 years | 0.5 (0.2–1.4) | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) |
Maternal age > 40 years | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | 0.2 (0.0–0.7) |
Education | ||
High school diploma | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
Degree | 1.2 (0.6–2.1) | 2.2 (1.0–5.0) |
Ethnicity | ||
Foreign mothers | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
Italian ethnicity | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.2 (0.0–0.7) |
Previous experiences | ||
Prenatal classes | ||
No prenatal classes | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
Prenatal classes | 1.5 (0.8–2.9) | 1.5 (0.7–3.3) |
Clinical history | ||
No breastfeeding experience | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
Previous negative experience with breastfeeding | 0.7 (0.2–2.2) | 0.9 (0.2–2.8) |
Previous positive experience with breastfeeding | 3.1 (1.4–7.0) | 3.0 (1.0–8.5) |
Delivery and peripartum experiences | ||
Mode of delivery | ||
Eutocic delivery | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
Vacuum assisted delivery | 2.4 (0.5–11.5) | 1.9 (0.4–10.9) |
Emergency cesarean delivery | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 0.8 (0.3–2.5) |
Elective cesarean delivery | 0.3 (0.2–0.8) | 0.5 (0.2–1.5) |
Twins | ||
Singleton | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
Twins | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) |
Skin-to-skin contact | ||
No skin-to-skin contact | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
Skin to skin contact | 3.2 (0.7–15.2) | 9.9 (0.8–119.0) |
Rooming-in | ||
No rooming-in | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
Rooming-in | 1.1 (0.4–3.1) | 0.7 (0.2–2.6) |
Lactation Factors | ||
Type of breastfeeding | ||
Scheduled breastfeeding | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
On demand | 1.8 (0.9–3.3) | 1.4 (0.6–2.9) |
Latching | ||
No difficulties | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
Attachment difficulties | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) |
Pacifier | ||
Use of pacifier | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
No use of pacifiers | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) |
Milk supply | ||
No reduced milk supply | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
Feeling of reduced milk supply | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) |
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Crippa, B.L.; Colombo, L.; Morniroli, D.; Consonni, D.; Bettinelli, M.E.; Spreafico, I.; Vercesi, G.; Sannino, P.; Mauri, P.A.; Zanotta, L.; et al. Do a Few Weeks Matter? Late Preterm Infants and Breastfeeding Issues. Nutrients 2019, 11, 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020312
Crippa BL, Colombo L, Morniroli D, Consonni D, Bettinelli ME, Spreafico I, Vercesi G, Sannino P, Mauri PA, Zanotta L, et al. Do a Few Weeks Matter? Late Preterm Infants and Breastfeeding Issues. Nutrients. 2019; 11(2):312. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020312
Chicago/Turabian StyleCrippa, Beatrice Letizia, Lorenzo Colombo, Daniela Morniroli, Dario Consonni, Maria Enrica Bettinelli, Irene Spreafico, Giulia Vercesi, Patrizio Sannino, Paola Agnese Mauri, Lidia Zanotta, and et al. 2019. "Do a Few Weeks Matter? Late Preterm Infants and Breastfeeding Issues" Nutrients 11, no. 2: 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020312