Dietary Contributors to Food Group Intake in Preschool Children Attending Family Childcare Homes: Differences between Latino and Non-Latino Providers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measures
2.1.1. FCCPs and Children Demographics
2.1.2. Child Dietary Intake
2.1.3. Food Groups and Food Items
2.2. Statistical Analysis
2.2.1. Food Item and Food Group Intake in FCCH
2.2.2. Contribution of Food Items to Major Food Groups
2.2.3. Differences between Latino and non-Latino FCCPs
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Food Group Intake
3.3. Contribution of Food Items to Major Food Groups
3.4. Differences between Latino and non-Latino FCCPs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean (SD) or n (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Characteristics | Providers | Children |
Sex, n (%) | ||
| 120 (100%) | 180 (48.7%) |
| 48.9 (9.0) | 3.43 (0.9) |
| ||
| 81 (67.5%) | 208 (57.6%) |
| 39 (32.5%) | 153 (42.4%) |
Marital status, n (%) | ||
| 11 (9.2%) | |
| 90 (75.0%) | |
| 10 (8.3%) | |
| 9 (7.5%) | |
Education level, n (%) | ||
| 13 (10.9%) | |
| 39 (32.5%) | |
| 68 (56.6%) | |
Annual Household Income, n (%) | ||
| 16 (13.8%) | |
| 57 (49.2%) | |
| 24 (20.7%) | |
| 19 (16.3%) | |
| 62.4 (±13.8) | |
| 7.7 (±3.1) | |
CACFP Participation, n (%) | ||
| 99 (82.5%) | |
Program participation, n (%) | ||
| 4 (3.3%) | |
| 4 (3.3%) | |
| 1 (0.9%) | |
| 111 (92.5%) | |
Hours spent in childcare, mean (SD) | 7.6 (0.9) | |
Days per week in the FCCH, mean (SD) | 4.8 (0.8) |
Overall (n = 120) | Latino Providers (n = 81) | Non-Latino Providers (n = 39) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Group/ Food Items | Mean Serving (SD) | % | Mean Serving (SD) | % | Mean Serving (SD) | % | p Value for Means b | p Value for % b |
FRUITS | 0.37 (0.23) | 0.40 (0.30) | 0.35 (0.23) | 0.31 | ||||
Whole fruit | 0.29 (0.20) | 15 | 0.10 (0.19) | 18 | 0.04 (0.08) | 10 | 0.26 | 0.05 |
Fruit juice | 0.08 (0.16) | 85 | 0.28 (0.20) | 82 | 0.31 (0.23) | 90 | 0.45 | <0.001 * |
VEGETABLES | 0.17 (0.14) | 0.18 (0.14) | 0.14 (0.14) | 0.17 | ||||
Non-starchy c | 0.09 (0.10) | 61 | 0.08 (0.10) | 52 | 0.11 (0.11) | 82 | 0.01 | <0.001 * |
| 0.04 (0.06) | 24 | 0.04 (0.05) | 23 | 0.05 (0.08) | 29 | 0.02 | <0.001 * |
| 0.01 (0.03) | 7 | 0.01 (0.04) | 7 | 0.01 (0.02) | 7 | 0.19 | 0.85 |
| 0.04 (0.06) | 29 | 0.03 (0.05) | 23 | 0.05 (0.06) | 45 | 0.02 | <0.001 * |
Starchy e | 0.03 (0.07) | 15 | 0.04 (0.07) | 15 | 0.03 (0.06) | 13 | 0.31 | 0.16 |
Legumes | 0.04 (0.06) | 24 | 0.06 (0.07) | 33 | 0.00 (0.00) | 5 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
DAIRY/ ALTERNATIVE | 0.35 (0.18) | 0.33 (0.16) | 0.38 (0.21) | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||
Dairy products | ||||||||
Milk | 0.25 (0.04) | 71 | 0.24 (0.13) | 72 | 0.27 (0.21) | 69 | 0.07 | 0.13 |
Cheese | 0.05 (0.03) | 14 | 0.05 (0.08) | 13 | 0.07 (0.12) | 16 | 0.52 | 0.36 |
Yogurt | 0.04 (0.03) | 11 | 0.04 (0.04) | 12 | 0.02 (0.03) | 9 | 0.72 | 0.65 |
Non-dairy | 0.00 (0.01) | 1 | 0.00 (0.02) | 1 | 0.01 (0.03) | 2 | 0.68 | 0.12 |
Desserts f | 0.01 (0.01) | 2 | 0.00 (0.01) | 1 | 0.01 (0.03) | 4 | 0.82 | 0.62 |
According to fat content g | ||||||||
Low-fat | 0.25 (0.17) | 71 | 0.23 (0.15) | 68 | 0.29 (0.21) | 77 | 0.11 | <0.001 * |
Reduced | 0.03 (0.07) | 10 | 0.03 (0.06) | 11 | 0.04 (0.08) | 8 | 0.06 | 0.13 |
Whole fat | 0.06 (0.08) | 19 | 0.06 (0.09) | 21 | 0.05 (0.06) | 15 | 0.05 | 0.16 |
According to added sugar h | ||||||||
Sweetened | 0.04 (0.05) | 15 | 0.04 (0.04) | 14 | 0.03 (0.05) | 17 | 0.48 | 0.64 |
Unsweetened | 0.25 (0.16) | 85 | 0.24 (0.13) | 86 | 0.27 (0.22) | 83 | 0.24 | 0.53 |
PROTEIN | 0.31 (0.25) | 0.31 (0.24) | 0.31 (0.26) | 0.18 | ||||
Poultry | 0.14 (0.14) | 44 | 0.16 (0.20) | 48 | 0.12 (0.16) | 34 | 0.50 | <0.001 * |
Beef | 0.05 (0.11) | 14 | 0.05 (0.10) | 15 | 0.06 (0.14) | 12 | 0.76 | 0.84 |
Eggs | 0.03 (0.06) | 10 | 0.03 (0.06) | 10 | 0.03 (0.05) | 9 | 0.34 | 0.79 |
Cold cuts | 0.04 (0.10) | 12 | 0.03 (0.09) | 10 | 0.05 (0.13) | 16 | 0.02 | 0.22 |
Fish | 0.01 (0.05) | 5 | 0.02 (0.06) | 6 | 0.01 (0.04) | 4 | 0.60 | 0.87 |
Pork | 0.01 (0.06) | 5 | 0.01 (0.05) | 5 | 0.02 (0.08) | 4 | 0.31 | 0.35 |
Nuts and seeds | 0.02 (0.06) | 10 | 0.02 (0.05) | 5 | 0.04 (0.08) | 21 | 0.17 | <0.001 * |
GRAINS | 0.63 (0.29) | 0.60 (0.27) | 0.70 (0.32) | <0.001 * | ||||
Grain product | ||||||||
Grain, flour, dry mixes i | 0.18 (0.07) | 28 | 0.24 (0.18) | 34 | 0.14 (0.29) | 13 | 0.02 | <0.001 * |
Crackers | 0.11 (0.05) | 17 | 0.05 (0.07) | 15 | 0.08 (0.11) | 20 | 0.17 | 0.47 |
Ready-to-eat cereals | 0.07 (0.04) | 11 | 0.05 (0.06) | 13 | 0.02 (0.04) | 7 | 0.18 | 0.17 |
Bread | 0.09 (0.04) | 15 | 0.08 (0.10) | 12 | 0.17 (0.15) | 20 | 0.34 | 0.01 |
Other breads j | 0.08 (0.04) | 12 | 0.09 (0.14) | 9 | 0.17 (0.21) | 16 | 0.60 | 0.05 |
Cakes/cookies k | 0.04 (0.03) | 7 | 0.03 (0.07) | 7 | 0.03 (0.07) | 6 | 0.52 | 0.70 |
Pasta | 0.04 (0.03) | 7 | 0.05 (0.10) | 6 | 0.06 (0.08) | 8 | 0.71 | 0.61 |
Snacks l | 0.03 (0.03) | 4 | 0.01 (0.03) | 2 | 0.03 (0.05) | 8 | 0.30 | <0.001 * |
Type of grain | ||||||||
Whole grain | 0.14 (0.16) | 25 | 0.13 (0.15) | 26 | 0.15 (0.18) | 24 | 0.09 | 0.55 |
Refined grain | 0.49 (0.29) | 75 | 0.47 (0.28) | 74 | 0.55 (0.30) | 76 | 0.08 | 0.55 |
FATS | 0.19 (0.17) | 0.19 (0.15) | 0.18 (0.21) | 0.27 | ||||
Oils | 0.05 (0.07) | 59 | 0.12 (0.11) | 73 | 0.05 (0.11) | 27 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Butter/other animal fats | 0.03 (0.04) | 16 | 0.03 (0.09) | 11 | 0.04 (0.01) | 26 | 0.50 | <0.001 * |
Salad dressings | 0.01 (0.03) | 7 | 0.00 (0.01) | 6 | 0.01 (0.02) | 12 | 0.16 | <0.001 * |
Margarine | 0.02 (0.03) | 8 | 0.02 (0.08) | 4 | 0.05 (0.14) | 18 | 0.10 | <0.001 * |
Shortening | 0.01 (0.03) | 5 | 0.01 (0.05) | 5 | 0.01 (0.08) | 6 | 0.17 | 0.15 |
Cream | 0.01 (0.03) | 5 | 0.00 (0.02) | 1 | 0.01 (0.03) | 11 | 0.39 | <0.001 * |
Vegetable vs. animal origin | ||||||||
Vegetable | 0.15 (0.15) | 81 | 0.16 (0.13) | 89 | 0.12 (0.19) | 63 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Animal | 0.04 (0.08) | 19 | 0.03 (0.09) | 11 | 0.05 (0.06) | 37 | 0.11 | <0.001 * |
SWEETS | 0.07 (0.18) | 0.07 (0.20) | 0.06 (0.14) | 0.07 | ||||
Syrup, honey, jelly | 0.03 (0.03) | 50 | 0.01 (0.03) | 54 | 0.01 (0.02) | 44 | 0.57 | 0.66 |
Sugar m | 0.02 (0.09) | 32 | 0.02 (0.10) | 30 | 0.02 (0.07) | 37 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
SSBs | 0.01 (0.03) | 12 | 0.01 (0.03) | 15 | 0.01 (0.03) | 8 | 0.55 | 0.45 |
Chocolate/candy | 0.00 (0.01) | 5 | 0.00 (0.00) | 2 | 0.00 (0.01) | 6 | 0.10 | 0.03 |
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Ramirez, A.; Vadiveloo, M.; Risica, P.M.; Gans, K.M.; Greaney, M.L.; Mena, N.Z.; Cooksey Stowers, K.; Tovar, A. Dietary Contributors to Food Group Intake in Preschool Children Attending Family Childcare Homes: Differences between Latino and Non-Latino Providers. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3686. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123686
Ramirez A, Vadiveloo M, Risica PM, Gans KM, Greaney ML, Mena NZ, Cooksey Stowers K, Tovar A. Dietary Contributors to Food Group Intake in Preschool Children Attending Family Childcare Homes: Differences between Latino and Non-Latino Providers. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3686. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123686
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamirez, Andrea, Maya Vadiveloo, Patricia M. Risica, Kim M. Gans, Mary L. Greaney, Noereem Z. Mena, Kristen Cooksey Stowers, and Alison Tovar. 2020. "Dietary Contributors to Food Group Intake in Preschool Children Attending Family Childcare Homes: Differences between Latino and Non-Latino Providers" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3686. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123686