Dietary Interventions for Cancer Prevention: An Update to ACS International Guidelines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Screening and Selection
2.3. Synthesis and Reference Verification
3. Results
3.1. Time-Restricted Eating
3.2. Mediterranean Diet
3.3. Dairy
3.4. Vegetarians and Pescetarians
3.5. Coffee and Tea
3.6. Iron
3.7. Carbohydrates
3.8. Diet Quality
3.9. Meat
3.10. Fruits and Vegetables
3.11. Acid Charge
3.12. Phytoestrogens
3.13. Importance of Professional Advice
3.14. Alternative Diet Advice
3.15. Heavy Metals
3.16. Micronutrients
4. Discussion
5. Limitations and Future Direction of Work
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACS | The American Cancer Society |
MD | Mediterranean diet |
MCC | Multicase control |
CC | Case-control |
ND | No data |
ES | Epidemiological study |
PS | Prospective study |
Ma | Meta-analysis |
OS | Observational study |
RCT | Randomized controlled trial |
PC | Prostate cancer |
BC | Breast cancer |
LC | Lung cancer |
NC | No cancer |
C | Controls |
FU | Follow-up |
CC | Colon cancer |
OC | Overall cancer |
I | Intervention |
TMAO | Trimethylamine N-oxide |
NEAP | Net endogenous acid production |
PLCO | Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial phytoestrogens |
Zn | Zinc |
Zn/Cu | Zinc/copper ratio |
Cu | Copper |
Se | Selenium |
DC | Dendritic cells |
RA | Retinoic acid |
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Breast | Increases Risk | Weight gain during adult life |
Excess body fatness | ||
Alcohol consumption | ||
Weight loss | ||
Decreases Risk | Physical activity (moderate or vigorous) | |
Diets rich in plant food | ||
Diets low in animal products | ||
Diets low in refined carbohydrates | ||
Mediterranean diet | ||
May Decrease Risk | Non-starchy vegetables | |
Colorectal | Increases Risk | Excess body fatness |
Alcohol consumption | ||
Processed and red meat | ||
Low circulating levels of vitamin D | ||
Decreases Risk | Physical activity (moderate or vigorous) (only colon) | |
Whole grains, higher fiber, and less added sugar | ||
Diets higher in calcium/calcium-rich dairy foods | ||
Reducing sedentary behavior (only colon) | ||
Non-starchy vegetables | ||
Vegetables rich in carotenoids | ||
Supplemental calcium | ||
Lung | Increase Risk | High-dose beta-carotene supplementation |
Exposure to asbestos | ||
Alcohol consumption | ||
Processed and red meat | ||
Decreases Risk | Physical activity (moderate or vigorous) | |
Reducing sedentary behavior (only colon) | ||
Non-starchy vegetables | ||
Whole fruits, especially those high in vitamin C for smokers | ||
Prostate | Increases Risk | Excess body fatness |
May Increase Risk | Higher consumption of dairy products and calcium |
Overall Recommendations | Achieve and maintain healthy body weight | |
Be physically active | ||
Healthy eating pattern | Foods high in nutrients | |
Vegetables | ||
Fruits | ||
Whole grains | ||
Legumes | ||
Limit or not include intake of the following | Red and processed meats | |
Sugar-sweetened beverages | ||
Highly processed foods | ||
Refined grain products | ||
Not drink alcohol |
Diet Quality Assessment Indexes |
---|
Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) |
Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010) |
Alternative Mediterranean Diet (aMED) |
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score |
Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) score |
Author | Year | Population Origin | Type | n | Population | Intervention | Cancer | Key Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palomar-Cros | 2021 | Spain | MCC | 607 + 848 | PC + C | Nighttime fasting and breakfast | PC | Lower risk |
Turati | 2018 | Italy/Switzerland | CC | 3034 + 3392 | BC + C | Mediterranean diet | BC | Reduced risk |
Hawrysz | 2020 | Poland | CC | 187 + 252 | LC + NC | Dietary pattern | LC | Lower risk in moderate smokers |
Griffin | 2019 | North America | ND | 115 | Healthy | Mediterranean diet | CC | No change in fasting TMAO |
Wu | 2021 | WW | ES | 37,861 | BC | Dairy + calcium | BC | No association was observed |
Parra-Soto | 2022 | UK | PC + Ma | 409,110 | UK Biobank | Dietary pattern | OC | Lower risk |
Sen | 2019 | Europe | PS | 142,196 | 14y FU | Coffee and tea | PC | No association was observed |
Ward | 2019 | Europe | PS | 478,590 | 6.4y FU | Heme iron | LC | Association was found |
Qin | 2022 | Europe | OS | 48,972 | LC | Genetic iron status | LC | No association was observed |
Ronco | 2019 | Uruguay | CC | 843 + 1466 | LC + C | Iron intake | LC | Association was found |
Cai | 2022 | Japan | PS | 90,171 | 17y FU | Low- carbohydrate diet | OC | Association was found |
Myneni | 2021 | WW | PS | 86,090 | 17y FU | Diet quality | LC | Some associations were found |
Park | 2021 | Multiethnic | PS | 179,318 | 17.5y FU | Diet quality | LC | Lower risk |
Sadeghi | 2022 | Middle East | CC | 140 + 140 | LC + C | Diet quality | LC | Increases risk |
Wang | 2021 | Middle East | PS | 48,421 | 12y FU | Diet quality | LC | Lower risk |
Männistö | 2021 | Finnish | PS | 6374 | 10y FU | Diet quality | BC | Lower risk |
Wei | 2021 | UK | PS | 416,588 | 7y FU | Diet | LC | Lower risk |
Willemsen | 2022 | Canada | PS | 26,462 | 13.3y FU | Dietary pattern | OC | Lower risk |
Ronco | 2021 | Uruguay | CC | 843 + 1466 | LC + C | Acid load | LC | Association was found |
Virtanen | 2022 | Finnish | RCT | 2495 | 5y FU | Vitamin D | OC | No association was observed |
Wang | 2021 | USA | PS | 101,712 | 12.2y FU | Phytoestrogen | LC | Lower risk |
Botteri | 2018 | Norway | RCT | 595 + 621 | I + C | Counseling | OC | Some associations were found |
Berthy | 2022 | France | PS | 62,382 | 8.1y FU | EAT-Lancet Diet | OC | Some associations were found |
Shah | 2023 | France | PS | 65,574 | 20y FU | Paleolithic diet | BC | Lower risk |
Filippini | 2020 | USA/Japan/Europe | Ma | Cadmium exposure | BC | Some associations were found | ||
Dowlati | 2021 | Multiethnic | Ma | Healthy | Heavy metals | NC | Some associations were found | |
Zambrana | 2021 | Nicaragua | PS | 47 | 6m FU | Heavy metals | NC | No association was observed |
Ma | 2020 | China | - | - | Heavy metals | NC | ||
Liu | 2022 | Multiethnic | Ma | 4151 | BC + C | Heavy metals | BC | Some associations were found |
Lubinski | 2023 | Poland | PS | 1475 | 9.8y FU | Micronutrients | OC | Reduced risk |
Matuszczak | 2024 | PS | 989 | 7.5y FU | Micronutrients | BC/OvC | No association was observed | |
Matuszczak | 2024 | Poland | PS | 989 | 7.5y FU | Micronutrients | BC/OvC | Reduced risk |
Pietrzak | 2024 | Poland | PS | 338 | 6y FU | Micronutrients | PC | Some associations were found |
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Torres, Á.; Quintanilla, F.; Barnafi, E.; Sánchez, C.; Acevedo, F.; Walbaum, B.; Merino, T. Dietary Interventions for Cancer Prevention: An Update to ACS International Guidelines. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2897. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172897
Torres Á, Quintanilla F, Barnafi E, Sánchez C, Acevedo F, Walbaum B, Merino T. Dietary Interventions for Cancer Prevention: An Update to ACS International Guidelines. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2897. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172897
Chicago/Turabian StyleTorres, Álvaro, Francisca Quintanilla, Esteban Barnafi, César Sánchez, Francisco Acevedo, Benjamín Walbaum, and Tomás Merino. 2024. "Dietary Interventions for Cancer Prevention: An Update to ACS International Guidelines" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2897. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172897