Reducing the Number of Times Eating Out Helps to Decrease Adiposity (Overweight/Obesity) in Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Assessments
2.2. Percentage of Adequacy of Energy Intake
2.3. Sedentary Screen Time
2.4. Sleep Duration
2.5. Mean Difference
2.6. Clinically Relevant BMI z-Score Reduction
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics and Habits | Baseline Visit Median (IQR) | Follow Up Median (IQR) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 12 (9.1, 14.7) | 12.7 (9.6, 15.2) | <0.001 † |
Weight (kg) | 56.5 (43.3, 73.1) | 57.8 (44.7, 73.6) | 0.006 † |
Height (cm) | 150.0 (135.8, 158.4) | 152.4 (139.7, 161.1) | <0.001 † |
BMI z-score (SD) | 2.30 ± 0.83 | 2.10 ± 0.79 | <0.001 * |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1475 (1205, 1877) | 1331 (1124, 1565) | 0.001 † |
Energy estimated requirement | 2107 (1757, 2491) | 2148 (1768, 2669) | 0.093 † |
Physical activity (min/day) | 17 (5, 43) | 26 (14, 44) | 0.011 † |
Percentage of adequacy of energy intake (%) | 71.8 (53.0, 89.2) | 62.9 (51.0, 75.2) | <0.001 † |
Sleep duration (h/day) | 9.0 (7.9, 9.5) | 8.9 (7.9, 9.4) | 0.936 † |
Sedentary screen time (h/day) | 3.5 (2.5, 5.0) | 3.3 (2.4, 4.8) | 0.302 † |
Sitting time (h/day) | 7.2 (5.0, 9.0) | 6.7 (5.0, 8.0) | 0.008 † |
N (%) | N(%) | p | |
Obesity | 68 (61.8%) | 61 (58.1%) | 0.092 ‡ |
Recommended sleep | 65 (60.7%) | 58 (54.2%) | 0.360 ‡ |
≥3 eating episodes/day | 85 (78.7%) | 99 (92.5%) | 0.001 ‡ |
Eating breakfast waking up | 60 (54.5%) | 84 (78.5%) | <0.001 ‡ |
Eating out < once/week | 52 (47.3%) | 65 (59.6%) | 0.029 ‡ |
Eating speed ≥ 20 min | 78 (70.9%) | 92 (84.4%) | 0.014 ‡ |
Characteristics | Clinically Relevant BMI z-Score Reduction (n = 45) | Not Enought BMI z-Score Reduction (n = 65) | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Follow-Up | Difference | Baseline | Follow-Up | Difference | ||
Age (years) | 11.9 (8.8, 15.2) | 12.4 (9.2, 15.4) * | 0.3 (0.2, 0.7) | 12.0 (9.5, 14.5) | 12.8(10.2, 15.2) * | 0.7 (0.4, 0.9) | <0.001 † |
Weight (kg) | 53.3 (42.4, 74) | 53.5 (42, 72) * | −1.1 (−2.7, −0.1) | 56.9 (43.5, 72.6) | 59.5(47.4, 74.6) * | 2.3 (0.8, 4.1) | <0.001 † |
Height (cm) | 150 (133, 158) | 152 (136, 160) * | 1.5 (0.4, 3.0) | 150 (138, 160) | 153 (141, 161) * | 2.5 (0.9, 3.4) | 0.082 † |
BMI z-score (SD) | 2.48 ± 1.1 | 2.07 ± 1.0 ** | −0.43 ±0.29 | 2.16 ± 0.58 | 2.13 ± 0.56 ** | −0.05 ± 0.17 | <0.001 ‡ |
Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1461 (1126, 1948) | 1264 (1103, 1509) * | −201 (−388, 86) | 1475 (1245, 1846) | 1397 (1189, 1661) * | −213 (−477, 237) | 0.901 † |
Energy requirement | 2152 (1779, 2545) | 2126 (1770, 2521) | −23 (−128, 67) | 2066 (1737, 2476) | 2215 (1742, 2755) * | 52 (−24, 342) | 0.001 † |
Physical activity (min/day) | 17 (0, 40) | 23 (12, 38) | 4 (−13, 17) | 17 (9, 43) | 29 (14, 46) * | 5 (−7, 22) | 0.632 † |
% of Adequacy energy intake | 68.2 (54.2, 85.8) | 63.7 (50.4, 74.2) * | −3.7 (−25.3, 5.4) | 73.9 (52.3, 91.6) | 62.6 (50.9, 77.3) * | −11.8 (−28.7, 7.1) | 0.541 † |
Sleep duration (h/day) | 9.0 h (7.8, 9.9) | 9.0 h (8.2, 9.5) | −6 min (−57, 53) | 8.9 h (7.9, 9.3) | 8.8 h (7.6, 9.4) | 9 min (−38, 38) | 0.806 † |
Screen time (h/day) | 3.5 h (2.9, 5.1) | 3.3 h (2.2, 5.0) | −30 min (−110, 42) | 3.0 h (2.0, 4.4) | 3.3 h (2.5, 4.7) | −1 min (−88, 90) | 0.161 † |
Sitting time (h/day) | 7.2 h (5.0, 9.0) | 6.4 h (5.0, 7.5) * | −35 min (−163, 58) | 7.0 h (5.0, 9.0) | 7.1 h (5.5, 8.0) | −35 min (−149, 55) | 0.682 † |
Follow-up (months) | 4.1 (2.1, 7.6) | 7.9 (5.2, 10.8) | <0.001 † |
HR (CI 95%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
RR (CI 95%) Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
Eating ≥ 3 meals per day | 1.51 (0.95–2.41) | NA | 1.08 (0.54–2.18) | 1.13 (0.56–2.28) |
Eating breakfast in the first 2 h of waking up | 1.25 (0.80–1.95) | 1.11 (0.6 -2.07) ‡ | 1.17 (0.62–2.21) | 1.14 (0.60–2.17) |
Eating out < once/week | 1.61 (1.03–2.50) | NA | 2.01 (1.03–3.95) | 2.12 (1.07–4.21) |
Eating ≥ 20 min | 0.77 (0.41–1.42) | 0.96 (0.43-2.16) † | 0.88 (0.37–2.09) | 0.90 (0.38–2.13) |
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Parra-Solano, A.; Hernández-Flores, M.; Sánchez, B.; Paredes, C.; Monroy, L.; Palacios, F.; Almaguer, L.; Rodriguez-Ventura, A. Reducing the Number of Times Eating Out Helps to Decrease Adiposity (Overweight/Obesity) in Children. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172899
Parra-Solano A, Hernández-Flores M, Sánchez B, Paredes C, Monroy L, Palacios F, Almaguer L, Rodriguez-Ventura A. Reducing the Number of Times Eating Out Helps to Decrease Adiposity (Overweight/Obesity) in Children. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172899
Chicago/Turabian StyleParra-Solano, Arturo, Minerva Hernández-Flores, Bernarda Sánchez, Carolina Paredes, Luis Monroy, Florinda Palacios, Laura Almaguer, and Ana Rodriguez-Ventura. 2024. "Reducing the Number of Times Eating Out Helps to Decrease Adiposity (Overweight/Obesity) in Children" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172899