Nypa fruticans Wurmb. Vinegar’s Aqueous Extract Stimulates Insulin Secretion and Exerts Hepatoprotective Effect on STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Vinegar Preparation and Extraction
2.3. Experimental Animals
2.4. Antihyperglycaemic Test of Different Doses of AE
2.5. Pancreatic Immunohistopathological Study
2.6. Histological Study of Liver
2.7. RIN-5F Cell Culture
2.7.1. Cytotoxicity Assay
2.7.2. Insulin Assay
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Repeated Oral Administration of AE on Fasting Blood Glucose, Serum Insulin and Body Weight
3.2. Effect on Lipid Profile
3.3. Immunohistochemical Study of Insulin-Containing β-Cells of the Pancreas
3.4. Hepatoprotective Effect of AE
3.5. Cytotoxicity Effect of AE on RIN-5F Cells
3.6. Insulin Secretion Effect of AE on RIN-5F Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AE | Aqueous extract |
NPV | Nypa fruticans Wurmb. vinegar |
DM | Diabetes mellitus |
STZ | Streptozotocin |
b.w. | Body weight |
i.p. | Intraperitoneal |
p.o. | Per oral |
SD | Sprague-Dawley |
MTT | 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide |
NC | Normal control |
DC | Diabetic control |
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Group | Blood Glucose (mmol/L) | Serum Insulin (μg/L) | Body Weight (g) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 0 | Day 12 | Day 0 | Day 12 | Day 0 | Day 12 | |
NC | 4.5 ± 0.18 | 4.00 ± 0.20 | 0.42 ± 0.13 | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 216.33 ± 2.26 | 227.83 ± 1.35 $$ |
DC | 17.00 ± 0.67 | 19.97 ± 1.52 ### | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.02 ###$$ | 196 ± 5.07 | 168.5 ± 7.91 ###$$ |
Metformin | 15.85 ± 1.24 | 8.40 ± 1.27 **$ | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.01 ###**$$ | 209.17 ± 5.30 | 195.17 ± 9.37 # |
AE (1000 mg/kg b.w.) | 16.95 ± 0.58 | 7.35 ± 0.70 ***$$$ | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.03 ##* | 203.83 ± 3.96 | 167.50 ± 8.80 ###$$ |
AE (500 mg/kg b.w.) | 16.43 ± 0.93 | 8.35 ± 1.42 **$$ | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.25 ± 0.04 ##*$ | 206.5 ± 3.37 | 169.17 ± 4.44 ###$$$ |
AE (250 mg/kg b.w.) | 15.47 ± 1.07 | 16.00 ± 2.86 ### | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.01 ##* | 199.67 ± 3.51 | 166.67 ± 9.01 ###$$ |
Treatment (mg/kg b.w.) | Serum Lipid Profile (mg/dL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TC | TG | HDL | LDL | AIP | |
NC | 64.68 ± 0.84 | 44.92 ± 3.20 | 39.83 ± 7.13 | 20.58 ± 1.26 | 0.05 |
DC | 61.76 ± 4.17 | 69.03 ± 2.31 # | 36.58 ± 3.00 | 11.39 ± 1.63 | 0.28 |
Metformin (500 mg/kg b.w.) | 62.84 ± 2.90 | 66.21 ± 5.90 # | 37.32 ± 4.22 | 12.28 ± 1.99 | 0.25 |
AE (1000 mg/kg b.w.) | 65.62 ± 9.75 | 34.32 ± 3.78 ** | 29.2 ± 3.00 | 23.69 ± 7.06 ** | 0.07 |
AE (500 mg/kg b.w.) | 37.70 ± 2.90 *# | 28.34 ±3.00 ** | 22.53 ± 1.72 *## | 6.86 ± 2.28 | 0.1 |
AE (250 mg/kg b.w.) | 37.70 ±3.99 *# | 38.75 ± 9.19 * | 20.88 ±2.25 *## | 8.99 ± 0.33 | 0.27 |
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Yusoff, N.A.; Lim, V.; Al-Hindi, B.; Abdul Razak, K.N.; Widyawati, T.; Anggraini, D.R.; Ahmad, M.; Asmawi, M.Z. Nypa fruticans Wurmb. Vinegar’s Aqueous Extract Stimulates Insulin Secretion and Exerts Hepatoprotective Effect on STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats. Nutrients 2017, 9, 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090925
Yusoff NA, Lim V, Al-Hindi B, Abdul Razak KN, Widyawati T, Anggraini DR, Ahmad M, Asmawi MZ. Nypa fruticans Wurmb. Vinegar’s Aqueous Extract Stimulates Insulin Secretion and Exerts Hepatoprotective Effect on STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):925. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090925
Chicago/Turabian StyleYusoff, Nor Adlin, Vuanghao Lim, Bassel Al-Hindi, Khairul Niza Abdul Razak, Tri Widyawati, Dwi Rita Anggraini, Mariam Ahmad, and Mohd Zaini Asmawi. 2017. "Nypa fruticans Wurmb. Vinegar’s Aqueous Extract Stimulates Insulin Secretion and Exerts Hepatoprotective Effect on STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090925