Current Research Status and Future Trends of Vibration Energy Harvesters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvester
2.1. Working Principle and Characteristics of the Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvester
2.2. Advances in Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvesters
3. Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvester
3.1. Operating Principle and Characteristics of Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvester
3.2. Progress of Research on Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvesters
4. Friction Electric Vibration Energy Harvester
4.1. Mechanism of Operation and Characteristics of the Friction Electric Vibration Energy Harvesters
4.1.1. Friction Nanogenerator
4.1.2. Principle of Friction Electric Vibration Energy Harvester
4.2. Advances in Friction Electric Vibration Energy Harvesters
5. Electrostatic Vibration Energy Harvester
5.1. The Working Principle of the Electrostatic Vibration Energy Harvester and Its Characteristics
5.2. Current Research Status of Electrostatic Vibration Energy Harvesters
6. Magnetostrictive Vibration Energy Harvester
6.1. Operating Principle and Characteristics of Magnetostrictive Vibration Energy Harvesters
6.2. Current Status of Research on Magnetostrictive Vibration Energy Harvesters
7. Conclusions
- (1)
- The electromagnetic vibration energy collector has the virtues of collecting vibration energy with wide bandwidth, large output current, and high output power, but it has the shortcomings of low output voltage, magnetic leakage, and large size.
- (2)
- Piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters have the virtues of simple structure and high energy density, but the piezoelectric material, which is the core component of their composition, suffers from low strength, charging leakage, and easy aging.
- (3)
- Friction electric vibration energy harvesters have the advantages of higher output voltage, simplicity of manufacture, durability, and machinability, but have the drawbacks of low output current and low efficiency in harvesting energy.
- (4)
- Electrostatic vibration energy harvesters have advantages in terms of low-frequency power generation and integration capability, but the need for an additional start-up power supply becomes their fatal flaw, in addition to the disadvantages of low current and high output impedance.
- (5)
- Magnetostrictive vibration energy harvesters have the advantages of high energy density and superior magneto-mechanical coupling coefficients, fast response time, and wide operating frequency, but they also suffer from the shortcomings of large size and high price.
- (1)
- Improve reliability and durability: Optimise the material design of the vibration energy harvester. Piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, and magnetoelectric materials, as the key core components of the vibration energy harvester, are directly related to the strength and service life of the harvester, and the service life of the harvester can be increased and the damage rate can be reduced by designing new materials or by improving the strength and durability of these materials.
- (2)
- Optimise the circuit design: the energy collector includes two parts, energy collection and energy conversion, but in the energy conversion part of the circuit, the energy will be lost, and the way in which to effectively use this part of the energy is a major problem to be faced in the future. Combining with intelligent control technology can be used to achieve intelligent management of the vibration energy collector and optimise the control, to increase the efficiency of energy use, and to reduce the waste of energy.
- (3)
- Design of a composite energy harvester: Most of the existing vibration energy harvesters are in single form, and they seldom combine multiple energy harvesting methods; most of the energy harvesters can only collect energy in a single direction, but the energy in the environment comes from all directions. Research into multi-form, multi-directional vibratory energy collectors can vastly increase the accuracy of power harvesting and can power much more powerful electronic devices. In addition, in order to address the disadvantage of the need for an outside start-up energy source for the electrostatic vibration energy harvester, it is possible to combine the electrostatic type with the piezoelectric and magnetostrictive vibration energy harvesters, thus eliminating the need for an external power supply.
- (4)
- Miniaturise and integrate energy harvesters: current vibrational energy harvesters have large dimensions, making integration difficult. Combined with MEMS technology, smaller-size vibration energy harvesters are designed, which is conducive to the integration of microelectromechanical systems.
- (5)
- Utilisation across multiple purposes and ranges: In addition to mechanical vibration, various movements of the human body produce vibrational energy, such as the heartbeat, pulse beat, and human body walking. The development of vibration energy collectors suitable for different environments and vibration frequencies will enable them to be used in more application scenarios, and in this way, more miniature wearable or portable electronic devices can be derived.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors | Fabric | Frequency (Hz) | Output Voltage/V | Output Power/mW | Power Density/ ) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cui et al. [13] | Permanent magnets—coils | 31 | - | 3.83 | - |
Wang et al. [14] | Rack and pinion, bevel gears | - | 18.5 | 2700 | - |
Peng et al. [15] | Magnets—coils | 20 | - | 37.45 | - |
Monaco et al. [16] | magnetic levitation solution | 4 | - | 32 | - |
Sun et al. [17] | Magnets—coils | 116 | - | 27.2 | 3.6 |
Lorenzo et al. [18] | Dobby electromagnetic pendulum | 9 | - | 14.4 | - |
Sun et al. [21] | Spring pendulum | 0.85 | - | 750 | - |
Piezoelectricity | Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient | Piezoelectric Constant (pC/N) |
---|---|---|
AlN | 0.23 | −2.00 |
CdS | 0.26 | −5.18 |
ZnO | 0.48 | −5.00 |
BaTiO3 | 0.49 | −58.0 |
PZT-4 | 0.70 | −123 |
PZT-5H | 0.75 | −274 |
LiNbO3 (lithium niobate) | 0.23 | −1.00 |
PVDF | 0.19 | 21.0 |
Authors | Fabric | Frequency (Hz) | Output Voltage/V | Output Power/μW | Power Density/ ) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fang et al. [26] | Cantilever beam type | 609 | 0.898 | 21.4 | 2.16 | - |
Shen et al. [27] | Cantilever beam type | 461.15 | 0.16 | 6 | 2.15 | 3.272 |
Ye et al. [28] | PSN-PZT piezoelectric ceramics | 10 | 52.89 | - | 35,010 | - |
Wang et al. [31] | tapered beam | 10.06 | 19.82 | - | - | - |
Cho et al. [33] | Cantilever beam type | 30 | - | - | 52,500 | 28.48 |
Lee et al. [34] | Cantilever beam type | 255.9 | 1.792 | 150 | 2.765 | - |
Remya et al. [35] | Spring-mass block | 30 | 38 | 2700 | - | - |
Ramírez et al. [36] | Cantilever beam type | 7.91 | 9.8 | 1000 | 96.04 | - |
Authors | Fabric | Frequency (Hz) | Output Voltage/V | Short-Circuit Current/ | Output Power/mW | Power Density/ ) | Current Density/ (mA-m−2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yang et al. [41] | Three-dimensional (3D) integrated multilayer TENGs | - | 303 | - | - | 0.6 | 104.6 | - |
Qiu et al. [42] | Sandwich-shaped acoustic drive TENG | 125 | 546.3 | - | 60.9 | - | - | 25.01 |
Shi et al. [43] | circular honeycomb | 37 | 50 | - | 3.3 | - | - | - |
Liu et al. [44] | L-shaped beam | - | 11.56 | 85 | - | 0.3 | - | - |
Yang et al. [45] | Magnetic fluids | 7 | 0.6 | 90 | 0.00457 | 0.0054 | - | - |
Gao et al. [46] | Suspension Structure | 13.6 | 30.5 | 1026.6 | 8.2 | - | - | |
Zhao et al. [47] | Rejection magnet | 2 | 9.7 | - | - | 0.0086 | - | - |
Authors | Fabric | Frequency (Hz) | Acceleration/(m/s−2) | Load/MΩ | Starting Voltage/V | Output Voltage/V | Output Power/ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Naruse et al. [48] | Stripe mask electret | 2 | - | - | - | - | 40 |
Bu et al. [49] | Block electrodes | 10 | - | - | −700 | - | 5.5 |
Kloub et al. [50] | Area overlap | - | 1 g | - | 25 | 5.7 | - |
Tao et al. [51] | Sandwich construction | 122.1 | 5 | - | - | - | 0.22 |
Ugur et al. [53] | Electret—variable area | - | - | - | - | 300 | 15 |
Daisuke et al. [54] | Double electret electret | 155 | 1 g | 1 | - | - | - |
Authors | Fabric | Frequency (Hz) | Output Voltage/mV | Output Power/ | Power Density/ (mW-cm−3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shota et al. [58] | Parallel beam construction | 202 | - | 0.73 | - |
Dong et al. [60] | Cantilever | - | 780 | 4.35 | - |
Liu et al. [62] | Galfenol rods—excitation coils | - | 2.64 | 170 | - |
Liu et al. [63] | Double-stage lozenge | 30 | 250 | 1.056 | - |
Ueno et al. [64] | Cantilever | 212 | 3000 | 1.2 | 3 |
Carmine et al. [65] | Three Galfenol rods—permanent magnets | 100 | 6 | 7 |
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Qu, G.; Xia, H.; Liang, Q.; Liu, Y.; Ming, S.; Zhao, J.; Xia, Y.; Wu, J. Current Research Status and Future Trends of Vibration Energy Harvesters. Micromachines 2024, 15, 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091109
Qu G, Xia H, Liang Q, Liu Y, Ming S, Zhao J, Xia Y, Wu J. Current Research Status and Future Trends of Vibration Energy Harvesters. Micromachines. 2024; 15(9):1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091109
Chicago/Turabian StyleQu, Guohao, Hui Xia, Quanwei Liang, Yunping Liu, Shilin Ming, Junke Zhao, Yushu Xia, and Jianbo Wu. 2024. "Current Research Status and Future Trends of Vibration Energy Harvesters" Micromachines 15, no. 9: 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091109