ROS Production and Distribution: A New Paradigm to Explain the Differential Effects of X-ray and Carbon Ion Irradiation on Cancer Stem Cell Migration and Invasion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Impact of Oxygenation Conditions on Cell Motility, Migration and Invasiveness of CSCs Versus Non-CSCs
2.2. Influence of Oxygenation Conditions on the Expression of EMT- and Stemness-Related Markers in CSCs Versus Non-CSCs
2.3. Consequences of X-ray or C-ion Irradiation on Cell Migration and Invasion under Normoxia or Chronic Hypoxia
2.4. MMP-2 and MMP-9 Levels in Response to X-Ray and C-Ion Irradiation
2.5. Involvement of HIF-1α in the Migration/Invasion Abilities of Irradiated CSCs
2.6. Regulators of the Migration/Invasion Processes Following Photon or C-ion Irradiation
2.7. ROS-Dependence of Migration and Invasion Processes
2.8. ROS Distribution in Response to X-ray and C-ion Irradiation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture
4.2. X-ray and C-ion Irradiation
4.3. Hypoxic Conditions
4.4. Transient Transfection
4.5. Quantification of Motility and Cell Migration and Invasion
4.5.1. Real-Time Measurement of Cell Migration or Invasion Using xCELLigence
4.5.2. Measurement of Cell Migration or Invasion Using Boyden Chamber Assays
4.6. Western-blot Analyses
4.7. Quantification of MMP-2 and MMP-9 Expression
4.8. Determination of the Relative Levels of Protein Phosphorylation
4.9. ROS Modeling
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wozny, A.-S.; Vares, G.; Alphonse, G.; Lauret, A.; Monini, C.; Magné, N.; Cuerq, C.; Fujimori, A.; Monboisse, J.-C.; Beuve, M.; et al. ROS Production and Distribution: A New Paradigm to Explain the Differential Effects of X-ray and Carbon Ion Irradiation on Cancer Stem Cell Migration and Invasion. Cancers 2019, 11, 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11040468
Wozny A-S, Vares G, Alphonse G, Lauret A, Monini C, Magné N, Cuerq C, Fujimori A, Monboisse J-C, Beuve M, et al. ROS Production and Distribution: A New Paradigm to Explain the Differential Effects of X-ray and Carbon Ion Irradiation on Cancer Stem Cell Migration and Invasion. Cancers. 2019; 11(4):468. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11040468
Chicago/Turabian StyleWozny, Anne-Sophie, Guillaume Vares, Gersende Alphonse, Alexandra Lauret, Caterina Monini, Nicolas Magné, Charlotte Cuerq, Akira Fujimori, Jean-Claude Monboisse, Michael Beuve, and et al. 2019. "ROS Production and Distribution: A New Paradigm to Explain the Differential Effects of X-ray and Carbon Ion Irradiation on Cancer Stem Cell Migration and Invasion" Cancers 11, no. 4: 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11040468