Role of Pretransplant Treatments for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Waiting for Liver Transplantation
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Indications for Liver Transplantation in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
3. Bridging Therapy to Liver Transplantation
3.1. Is It Meaningful to Perform Bridging Therapy?
3.2. When to Perform Bridging Therapy?
3.3. Effect of Bridging Therapy on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence after Liver Transplantation
4. Downstaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma for Liver Transplantation
4.1. Downstaging from Outside the Milan Criteria to within the Milan Criteria
4.2. Is Downstaging Necessary for Patients Outside the Milan Criteria but within the Expansion Criteria?
4.3. Comparison of Liver Transplantation after Downstaging with Other Treatments
4.4. What Is the Upper Limit of Tumor Burden for Downstaging?
5. Variations of Pre-Transplant Locoregional Therapies
6. Comprehensive Assessment of Transplantable Tumor for Assigning Priority for Organ Allocation
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bray, F.; Ferlay, J.; Soerjomataram, I.; Siegel, R.L.; Torre, L.A.; Jemal, A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2018, 68, 394–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- O’grady, J.G.; Polson, R.J.; Rolles, K.; Calne, R.Y.; Williams, R. Liver Transplantation for Malignant Disease. Ann. Surg. 1988, 207, 373–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ringe, B.; Pichlmayr, R.; Wittekind, C.; Tusch, G. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: Experience with liver resection and transplantation in 198 patients. World J. Surg. 1991, 15, 270–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Iwatsuki, S.; Starzl, T.E.; Sheahan, D.G.; Yokoyama, I.; Demetris, A.J.; Todo, S.; Tzakis, A.G.; Van Thiel, D.H.; Carr, B.; Selby, R.; et al. Hepatic Resection Versus Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann. Surg. 1991, 214, 221–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bismuth, H.; Chiche, L.; Adam, R.; Castaing, D.; Diamond, T.; Dennison, A. Liver Resection Versus Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Cirrhotic Patients. Ann. Surg. 1993, 218, 145–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mazzaferro, V.M.; Regalia, E.; Doci, R.; Andreola, S.; Pulvirenti, A.; Bozzetti, F.; Montalto, F.; Ammatuna, M.; Morabito, A.; Gennari, L. Liver Transplantation for the Treatment of Small Hepatocellular Carcinomas in Patients with Cirrhosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996, 334, 693–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bruix, J.; Reig, M.; Sherman, M. Evidence-Based Diagnosis, Staging, and Treatment of Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2016, 150, 835–853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Parikh, N.D.; Singal, A.G. Model for end-stage liver disease exception points for treatment-responsive hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Liver Dis. 2016, 7, 97–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagai, S.; Kitajima, T.; Yeddula, S.; Salgia, R.; Schilke, R.; Abouljoud, M.S.; Moonka, D. Effect of Mandatory 6-Month Waiting Period on Waitlist and Transplant Outcomes in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatology 2020, 72, 2051–2062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shimamura, T.; Akamatsu, N.; Fujiyoshi, M.; Kawaguchi, A.; Morita, S.; Kawasaki, S.; Uemoto, S.; Kokudo, N.; Hasegawa, K.; Ohdan, H.; et al. Expanded living-donor liver transplantation criteria for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma based on the Japanese nationwide survey: The 5-5-500 rule—A retrospective study. Transpl. Int. 2018, 32, 356–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yao, F.Y.; Bass, N.M.; Nikolai, B.; Davern, T.J.; Kerlan, R.; Wu, V.; Ascher, N.L.; Roberts, J.P. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Analysis of survival according to the intention-to-treat principle and drop-out from the waiting list. Liver Transplant. 2002, 8, 873–883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ward, E.M.; Sherif, A.E.; O’Neill, S.; Hughes, M.; Ireland, H.; Wigmore, S.J.; Adair, A. Clinical Outcomes of Ablation Compared with Resection for Single Hepatocellular Carcinoma Lesions, as a Primary Treatment or Bridging to Liver Transplantation: A Retrospective Comparative Study. Ann. Transplant. 2021, 26, e931980-1–e931980-12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, S.-S.; Xu, X.; Wu, J.; Chen, J.; Wang, W.-L.; Zhang, M.; Liang, T.-B.; Wu, L.-M. Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Hangzhou Experiences. Transplantation 2008, 85, 1726–1732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hernandez-Alejandro, R.; Toso, C.; Kneteman, N.M.; Majno, P.; Marotta, P.; Dufour, J.-F.; Meeberg, G. Total Tumor Volume and Alpha Fetoprotein for selection of transplant candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma: A prospective validation. Hepatology 2015, 62, 158–165. [Google Scholar]
- Takada, Y.; Ito, T.; Ueda, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Haga, H.; Maetani, Y.; Ogawa, K.; Ogura, Y.; Oike, F.; Egawa, H.; et al. Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Patients with HCC Exceeding the Milan Criteria: A Proposal of Expanded Criteria. Dig. Dis. 2007, 25, 299–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taketomi, A.; Sanefuji, K.; Soejima, Y.; Yoshizumi, T.; Uhciyama, H.; Ikegami, T.; Harada, N.; Yamashita, Y.; Sugimachi, K.; Kayashima, H.; et al. Impact of Des-Gamma-Carboxy Prothrombin and Tumor Size on the Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Living Donor Liver Transplantation. Transplantation 2009, 87, 531–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsu, C.C.; Chen, C.L.; Wang, C.C.; Lin, C.C.; Yong, C.C.; Wang, S.H.; Liu, Y.W.; Lin, T.L.; Lee, W.F.; Lin, Y.H.; et al. Combination of FDG-PET and UCSF Criteria for Predicting HCC Recurrence After Living Donor Liver Transplantation. Transplantation 2016, 100, 1925–1932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schoenberg, M.B.; Anger, H.J.W.; Bucher, J.N.; Denk, G.; De Toni, E.N.; Seidensticker, M.; Andrassy, J.; Angele, M.K.; Werner, J.; Guba, M.O. Liver Transplantation for Extended Criteria Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Stable Response to Locoregional Therapy and Alpha-Fetoprotein as Selection Criteria. Visc. Med. 2020, 36, 506–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duvoux, C.; Roudot–Thoraval, F.; Decaens, T.; Pessione, F.; Badran, H.; Piardi, T.; Francoz, C.; Compagnon, P.; Vanlemmens, C.; Dumortier, J.; et al. Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Model Including α-Fetoprotein Improves the Performance of Milan Criteria. Gastroenterology 2012, 143, 986–994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Halazun, K.J.; Najjar, M.; Abdelmessih, R.M.; Samstein, B.; Griesemer, A.D.; Guarrera, J.V.; Kato, T.; Verna, E.C.; Emond, J.C.; Brown, R.S., Jr. Recurrence After Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A New MORAL to the Story. Ann. Surg. 2017, 265, 557–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sasaki, K.; Firl, D.J.; Hashimoto, K.; Fujiki, M.; Diago-Uso, T.; Quintini, C.; Eghtesad, B.; Fung, J.J.; Aucejo, F.N.; Miller, C.M. Development and validation of the HALT-HCC score to predict mortality in liver transplant recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective cohort analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017, 2, 595–603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ivanics, T.; Nelson, W.; Patel, M.S.; Claasen, M.P.; Lau, L.; Gorgen, A.; Abreu, P.; Goldenberg, A.; Erdman, L.; Sapisochin, G. The Toronto Postliver Transplantation Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence Calculator: A Machine Learning Approach. Liver Transplant. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- American College of Radiology (ACR). Archived Releases; LI-RADS Version 1.0. ACR Website. Available online: https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Reporting-and-Data-Systems/LI-RADS/LI-RADS1 (accesed on 4 January 2022).
- Chernyak, V.; Fowler, K.J.; Kamaya, A.; Kielar, A.Z.; Elsayes, K.M.; Bashir, M.R.; Kono, Y.; Do, R.K.; Mitchell, D.G.; Singal, A.G.; et al. Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) Version 2018: Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in At-Risk Patients. Radiology 2018, 289, 816–830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tang, E.S.-T.; Hall, G.; Yu, D.; Menard, A.; Hopman, W.; Nanji, S. Predictors and Cumulative Frequency of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in High and Intermediate LI-RADS Lesions: A Cohort Study from a Canadian Academic Institution. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2019, 26, 2560–2567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mazzaferro, V.; Sposito, C.; Zhou, J.; Pinna, A.D.; De Carlis, L.; Fan, J.; Cescon, M.; Di Sandro, S.; Yi-Feng, H.; Lauterio, A.; et al. Metroticket 2.0 Model for Analysis of Competing Risks of Death After Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2018, 154, 128–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Centonze, L.; Di Sandro, S.; Lauterio, A.; De Carlis, R.; Sgrazzutti, C.; Ciulli, C.; Vella, I.; Vicentin, I.; Incarbone, N.; Bagnardi, V.; et al. A retrospective single-centre analysis of the oncological impact of LI-RADS classification applied to Metroticket 2.0 calculator in liver transplantation: Every nodule matters. Transpl. Int. 2021, 34, 1712–1721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Llovet, J.M.; Fuster, J.; Bruix, J. Intention-to-treat analysis of surgical treatment for early hepatocellular carcinoma: Resection versus transplantation. Hepatology 1999, 30, 1434–1440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashoori, N.; Bamberg, F.; Paprottka, P.; Rentsch, M.; Kolligs, F.; Siegert, S.; Peporte, A.; Al-Tubaikh, J.; D’Anastasi, M.; Hoffmann, R.; et al. Multimodality Treatment for Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Bridging Therapy for Liver Transplantation. Digestion 2012, 86, 338–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Habibollahi, P.; Hunt, S.; Bitterman, T.; Gade, T.P.; Soulen, M.C.; Nadolski, G. Definitive locoregional therapy (LRT) versus bridging LRT and liver transplantation with wait-and-not-treat approach for very early stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Diagn. Interv. Radiol. 2018, 24, 213–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mehta, N.; Sarkar, M.; Dodge, J.L.; Fidelman, N.; Roberts, J.P.; Yao, F.Y. Intention to treat outcome of T1 hepatocellular carcinoma with the “wait and not ablate” approach until meeting T2 criteria for liver transplant listing. Liver Transplant. 2015, 22, 178–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lai, Q.; Vitale, A.; Iesari, S.; Finkenstedt, A.; Mennini, G.; Onali, S.; Hoppe-Lotichius, M.; Manzia, T.M.; Nicolini, D.; Avolio, A.W.; et al. The Intention-to-Treat Effect of Bridging Treatments in the Setting of Milan Criteria–In Patients Waiting for Liver Transplantation. Liver Transplant. 2019, 25, 1023–1033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tan, C.H.N.; Yu, Y.; Tan, Y.R.N.; Lim, B.L.K.; Iyer, S.G.; Madhavan, K.; Kow, A.W.C. Bridging therapies to liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: A bridge to nowhere? Ann. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg. 2018, 22, 27–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- European Association For The Study Of The Liver; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol. 2012, 56, 908–943. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Clavien, P.-A.; Lesurtel, M.; Bossuyt, P.M.; Gores, G.J.; Langer, B.; Perrier, A. Recommendations for liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: An international consensus conference report. Lancet Oncol. 2012, 13, e11–e22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, J.; Kwon, C.; Joh, J.-W.; Choi, M.; Lee, J.; Koh, K.; Paik, S.; Kim, G.; Kim, S.; Lee, S.-K.; et al. Effectiveness of Locoregional Therapy Before Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Who Meet the Milan Criteria. Transplant. Proc. 2012, 44, 403–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Decaens, T.; Roudot-Thoraval, F.; Bresson-Hadni, S.; Meyer, C.; Gugenheim, J.; Durand, F.; Bernard, P.; Boillot, O.; Boudjema, K.; Calmus, Y.; et al. Impact of pretransplantation transarterial chemoembolization on survival and recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transplant. 2005, 11, 767–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agopian, V.G.; Harlander-Locke, M.P.; Ruiz, R.M.; Klintmalm, G.B.; Senguttuvan, S.; Florman, S.S.; Haydel, B.; Hoteit, M.; Levine, M.H.; Lee, D.D.; et al. Impact of Pretransplant Bridging Locoregional Therapy for Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Within Milan Criteria Undergoing Liver Transplantation: Analysis of 3601 Patients From the US Multicenter HCC Transplant Consortium. Ann. Surg. 2017, 266, 525–535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, S.; Kim, K.W.; Song, G.-W.; Kwon, J.H.; Hwang, S.; Kim, K.-H.; Ahn, C.-S.; Moon, D.-B.; Park, G.-C.; Lee, S.-G. The Real Impact of Bridging or Downstaging on Survival Outcomes after Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Liver Cancer 2020, 9, 721–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oligane, H.C.; Xing, M.; Kim, H.S. Effect of Bridging Local-Regional Therapy on Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Survival after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. Radiology 2017, 282, 869–879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Renner, P.; Da Silva, T.; Schnitzbauer, A.A.; Verloh, N.; Schlitt, H.J.; Geissler, E.K. Hepatocellular carcinoma progression during bridging before liver transplantation. BJS Open 2021, 5, zrab005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ogawa, K.; Kaido, T.; Okajima, H.; Fujimoto, Y.; Yoshizawa, A.; Yagi, S.; Hori, T.; Iida, T.; Takada, Y.; Uemoto, S. Impact of pretreatments on outcomes after living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sci. 2018, 26, 73–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lai, Q.; Iesari, S.; Sandri, G.B.L.; Lerut, J. Des-Gamma-Carboxy Prothrombin in Hepatocellular Cancer Patients Waiting for Liver Transplant: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Biol. Markers 2017, 32, 370–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Agopian, V.G.; Morshedi, M.M.; McWilliams, J.; Harlander-Locke, M.P.; Markovic, D.; Zarrinpar, A.; Kaldas, F.M.; Farmer, D.G.; Yersiz, H.; Hiatt, J.R.; et al. Complete pathologic response to pretransplant locoregional therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma defines cancer cure after liver transplantation: Analysis of 501 consecutively treated patients. Ann. Surg. 2015, 262, 536–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Millonig, G.; Graziadei, I.W.; Freund, M.C.; Jaschke, W.; Stadlmann, S.; Ladurner, R.; Margreiter, R.; Vogel, W. Response to preoperative chemoembolization correlates with outcome after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transplant. 2007, 13, 272–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, M.; Doyle, M.M.; Banan, B.; Vachharajani, N.; Wang, X.; Saad, N.; Fowler, K.; Brunt, E.M.; Lin, Y.; Chapman, W.C. Neoadjuvant Locoregional Therapy and Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Liver Transplantation. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2017, 225, 28–40, Erratum in: J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2018, 226, 115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pompili, M.; Pacella, C.M.; Francica, G.; Angelico, M.; Tisone, G.; Craboledda, P.; Nicolardi, E.; Rapaccini, G.L.; Gasbarrini, G. Percutaneous laser ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation. Eur. J. Radiol. 2010, 74, e6–e11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yao, F.Y.; Kerlan, R.K., Jr.; Hirose, R.; Davern, T.J., 3rd.; Bass, N.M.; Feng, S.; Peters, M.; Terrault, N.; Freise, C.E.; Ascher, N.L.; et al. Excellent outcome following down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation: An intention-to-treat analysis. Hepatology 2008, 48, 819–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Marin, H.L.; Furth, E.E.; Olthoff, K.; Shaked, A.; Soulen, M.C. Histopathologic outcome of neoadjuvant image-guided therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis. 2009, 18, 169–179. [Google Scholar]
- Shaker, M.K.; Montasser, I.F.; Sakr, M.; Elgharib, M.; Dabbous, H.M.; Ebada, H.; El Dorry, A.; Bahaa, M.; El Meteini, M. Efficacy of locoregional treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma prior to living donor liver transplantation: A report from a single center in Egypt. J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma 2018, 5, 29–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rubinstein, M.M.; Kaubisch, A.; Kinkhabwala, M.; Reinus, J.; Liu, Q.; Chuy, J.W. Bridging therapy effectiveness in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to orthotopic liver transplantation. J. Gastrointest. Oncol. 2017, 8, 1051–1055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lee, M.W.; Raman, S.S.; Asvadi, N.H.; Siripongsakun, S.; Hicks, R.M.; Chen, J.; Worakitsitisatorn, A.; McWilliams, J.; Tong, M.J.; Finn, R.S.; et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as bridge therapy to liver transplantation: A 10-year intention-to-treat analysis. Hepatology 2017, 65, 1979–1990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Na, G.H.; Kim, E.Y.; Hong, T.H.; You, Y.K.; Kim, D.G. Effects of loco regional treatments before living donor liver transplantation on overall survival and recurrence-free survival in South Korean patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB 2015, 18, 98–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Affonso, B.B.; Galastri, F.L.; da Motta Leal Filho, J.M.; Nasser, F.; Falsarella, P.M.; Cavalcante, R.N.; De Almeida, M.D.; Felga, G.E.G.; Valle, L.G.M.; Wolosker, N. Long-term outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma that underwent chemoembolization for bridging or downstaging. World J. Gastroenterol. 2019, 25, 5687–5701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xing, M.; Sakaria, S.; Dhanasekaran, R.; Parekh, S.; Spivey, J.; Knechtle, S.J.; Zhang, D.; Kim, H.S. Bridging Locoregional Therapy Prolongs Survival in Patients Listed for Liver Transplant with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol. 2016, 40, 410–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vitale, A.; Scolari, F.; Bertacco, A.; Gringeri, E.; D’Amico, F.; Bassi, D.; D’Amico, F.E.; Angeli, P.; Burra, P.; Lai, Q.; et al. Sustained Complete Response after Biological Downstaging in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: XXL-Like Prioritization for Liver Transplantation or “Wait and See” Strategy? Cancers 2021, 13, 2406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murali, A.R.; Romero-Marrero, C.; Miller, C.; Aucejo, F.; Levitin, A.; Gill, A.; McLennan, G.; Karuppasamy, K.; Zein, N.N.; Lopez, R.; et al. Predictors of Successful Downstaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Outside Milan Criteria. Transplantation 2016, 100, 2391–2397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mehta, N.; Guy, J.; Frenette, C.T.; Dodge, J.L.; Osorio, R.W.; Minteer, W.B.; Roberts, J.P.; Yao, F.Y. Excellent Outcomes of Liver Transplantation Following Down-Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Within Milan Criteria: A Multicenter Study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018, 16, 955–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bova, V.; Miraglia, R.; Maruzzelli, L.; Vizzini, G.B.; Luca, A. Predictive Factors of Downstaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Beyond the Milan Criteria Treated with Intra-arterial Therapies. Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol. 2012, 36, 433–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yao, F.Y.; Mehta, N.; Flemming, J.; Dodge, J.; Hameed, B.; Fix, O.; Hirose, R.; Fidelman, N.; Kerlan, R.K., Jr.; Roberts, J.P. Downstaging of hepatocellular cancer before liver transplant: Long-term outcome compared to tumors within Milan criteria. Hepatology 2015, 61, 1968–1977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, Y.; Stahl, C.C.; Makramalla, A.; Olowokure, O.O.; Ristagno, R.L.; Dhar, V.K.; Schoech, M.R.; Chadalavada, S.; Latif, T.; Kharofa, J.; et al. Downstaging therapy followed by liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma beyond Milan criteria. Surgery 2017, 162, 1250–1258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Massarollo, P.; Coppini, A.; Salzedas-Netto, A.; Coelho, F.; Minami, T.; Gonzalez, A. Favorable Long-term Outcome in Patients Submitted to Liver Transplantation After Downstaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma According to a Brazilian Selection Protocol. Transplant. Proc. 2016, 48, 2338–2340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chapman, W.C.; Garcia-Aroz, S.; Vachharajani, N.; Fowler, K.; Saad, N.; Lin, Y.; Wellen, J.; Tan, B.; Khan, A.S.; Doyle, M.M. Liver Transplantation for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Downstaging Without Up-Front Stage Restrictions. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2017, 224, 610–621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ravaioli, M.; Odaldi, F.; Cucchetti, A.; Trevisani, F.; Piscaglia, F.; De Pace, V.; Bertuzzo, V.R.; Neri, F.; Golfieri, R.; Cappelli, A.; et al. Long term results of down-staging and liver transplantation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the conventional criteria. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 3781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, D.G.; Lee, J.G.; Joo, D.J.; Kim, S.; Kim, M.S. Favourable outcome of pathologic downstaging by locoregional treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma in liver transplantation. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 10386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kamo, N.; Kaido, T.; Yagi, S.; Okajima, H.; Uemoto, S. Liver Transplantation for Intermediate-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Liver Cancer 2018, 7, 179–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaido, T.; Ogawa, K.; Mori, A.; Fujimoto, Y.; Ito, T.; Tomiyama, K.; Takada, Y.; Uemoto, S. Usefulness of the Kyoto criteria as expanded selection criteria for liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 2013, 154, 1053–1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mazzaferro, V.; Citterio, D.; Bhoori, S.; Bongini, M.; Miceli, R.; De Carlis, L.; Colledan, M.; Salizzoni, M.; Romagnoli, R.; Antonelli, B.; et al. Liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma after tumour downstaging (XXL): A randomised, controlled, phase 2b/3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020, 21, 947–956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sinha, J.; Mehta, N.; Dodge, J.L.; Poltavskiy, E.; Roberts, J.; Yao, F. Are There Upper Limits in Tumor Burden for Down-Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Liver Transplant? Analysis of the All-Comers Protocol. Hepatology 2019, 70, 1185–1196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mehta, N.; Dodge, J.L.; Grab, J.D.; Yao, F.Y. National Experience on Down-Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Before Liver Transplant: Influence of Tumor Burden, Alpha-Fetoprotein, and Wait Time. Hepatology 2020, 71, 943–954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, T.-H.; Wang, Y.-C.; Cheng, C.-H.; Lee, C.-F.; Wu, T.-J.; Chou, H.-S.; Chan, K.-M.; Lee, W.-C. Outcomes associated with the intention of locoregional therapy prior to living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2020, 12, 17–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toso, C.; Meeberg, G.; Andres, A.; Shore, C.; Saunders, C.; Bigam, D.L.; Shapiro, A.M.J.; Compagnon, P.; Berney, T.; Majno, P.; et al. Downstaging prior to liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Advisable but at the price of an increased risk of cancer recurrence—A retrospective study. Transpl. Int. 2018, 32, 163–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Soin, A.S.; Bhangui, P.; Kataria, T.; Baijal, S.S.; Piplani, T.; Gautam, D.; Choudhary, N.S.; Thiagarajan, S.; Rastogi, A.; Saraf, N.; et al. Experience With LDLT in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis Postdownstaging. Transplantation 2020, 104, 2334–2345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Simone, P.; Vignali, C.; Petruccelli, S.; Carrai, P.; Coletti, L.; Montin, U.; Catalano, G.; Urbani, L.; Filipponi, F. Cost Analysis of Tumor Downsizing for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Liver Transplant Candidates. Transplant. Proc. 2006, 38, 3561–3563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thein, H.; Isaranuwatchai, W.; Qiao, Y.; Wong, K.; Sapisochin, G.; Chan, K.K.W.; Yoshida, E.M.; Earle, C.C. Cost-effectiveness analysis of potentially curative and combination treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma with person-level data in a Canadian setting. Cancer Med. 2017, 6, 2017–2033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Facciorusso, A.; Bellanti, F.; Villani, R.; Salvatore, V.; Muscatiello, N.; Piscaglia, F.; Vendemiale, G.; Serviddio, G. Transarterial chemoembolization vs bland embolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. United Eur. Gastroenterol. J. 2017, 5, 511–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graziadei, I.W.; Sandmueller, H.; Waldenberger, P.; Koenigsrainer, A.; Nachbaur, K.; Jaschke, W.; Margreiter, R.; Vogel, W. Chemoembolization followed by liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma impedes tumor progression while on the waiting list and leads to excellent outcome. Liver Transplant. 2003, 9, 557–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hayashi, P.H.; Ludkowski, M.; Forman, L.M.; Osgood, M.; Johnson, S.; Kugelmas, M.; Trotter, J.F.; Bak, T.; Wachs, M.; Kam, I.; et al. Hepatic Artery Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients Listed for Liver Transplantation. Arab. Archaeol. Epigr. 2004, 4, 782–787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsochatzis, E.; Garcovich, M.; Marelli, L.; Papastergiou, V.; Fatourou, E.; Rodríguez-Perálvarez, M.; Germani, G.; Davies, N.; Yu, D.; Luong, T.V.; et al. Transarterial embolization as neo-adjuvant therapy pretransplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int. 2013, 33, 944–949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Golfieri, R.; Cappelli, A.; Cucchetti, A.; Piscaglia, F.; Carpenzano, M.; Peri, E.; Ravaioli, M.; D’Errico-Grigioni, A.; Pinna, A.D.; Bolondi, L. Efficacy of selective transarterial chemoembolization in inducing tumor necrosis in small (<5 cm) hepatocellular carcinomas. Hepatology 2011, 53, 1580–1589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hołówko, W.; Wróblewski, T.; Wojtaszek, M.; Grąt, M.; Kobryń, K.; Ziarkiewicz-Wróblewska, B.; Krawczyk, M. Transarterial Chemoembolization Prior to Liver Transplantation in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann. Transplant. 2015, 20, 764–768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herber, S.; Biesterfeld, S.; Franz, U.; Schneider, J.; Thies, J.; Schuchmann, M.; Düber, C.; Pitton, M.; Otto, G. Correlation of Multislice CT and Histomorphology in HCC Following TACE: Predictors of Outcome. Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol. 2008, 31, 768–777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yao, F.Y.; Hirose, R.; LaBerge, J.M.; Davern, T.J., 3rd.; Bass, N.M.; Kerlan, R.K., Jr.; Merriman, R.; Feng, S.; Freise, C.E.; Ascher, N.L.; et al. A prospective study on downstaging of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2005, 11, 1505–1514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, W.; Xu, A.-H.; Wang, W.; Wu, Y.-H.; Sun, Q.-L.; Shu, C. Radiological appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma predicts the response to trans-arterial chemoembolization in patients undergoing liver transplantation. BMC Cancer 2019, 19, 1041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mazzaferro, V.; Battiston, C.; Perrone, S.; Pulvirenti, A.; Regalia, E.; Romito, R.; Sarli, D.; Schiavo, M.; Garbagnati, F.; Marchiano, A.; et al. Radiofrequency ablation of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation: A prospective study. Ann. Surg. 2004, 240, 900–909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, D.S.K.; Yu, N.C.; Raman, S.S.; Lassman, C.; Tong, M.J.; Britten, C.; Durazo, F.; Saab, S.; Han, S.; Finn, R.; et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as a bridge to liver transplantation. Hepatology 2005, 41, 1130–1137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pompili, M.; Mirante, V.G.; Rondinara, G.; Fassati, L.R.; Piscaglia, F.; Agnes, S.; Covino, M.; Ravaioli, M.; Fagiuoli, S.; Gasbarrini, G.; et al. Percutaneous ablation procedures in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma submitted to liver transplantation: Assessment of efficacy at explant analysis and of safety for tumor recurrence. Liver Transplant. 2005, 11, 1117–1126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Majno, P.; Giostra, E.; Mentha, G. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma on the waiting list before liver transplantation: Time for controlled trials? Liver Transpl. 2007, 13, S27–S35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fontana, R.J.; Hamidullah, H.; Nghiem, H.V.; Greenson, J.K.; Hussain, H.K.; Marrero, J.A.; Rudich, S.; McClure, L.A.; Arenas, J.D. Percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: A safe and effective bridge to liver transplantation. Liver Transplant. 2002, 8, 1165–1174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Si, T.; Chen, Y.; Ma, D.; Gong, X.; Guan, R.; Shen, B.; Peng, C. Transarterial chemoembolization prior to liver transplantation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017, 32, 1286–1294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sneiders, D.; Houwen, T.; Pengel, L.H.; Polak, W.G.; Dor, F.J.M.F.; Hartog, H. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Posttransplant Hepatic Artery and Biliary Complications in Patients Treated With Transarterial Chemoembolization Before Liver Transplantation. Transplantation 2018, 102, 88–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wallace, D.; Cowling, T.E.; Walker, K.; Suddle, A.; Gimson, A.; Rowe, I.; Callaghan, C.; Sapisochin, G.; Mehta, N.; Heaton, N.; et al. Liver transplantation outcomes after transarterial chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Br. Surg. 2020, 107, 1183–1191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Haas, R.J.; Lim, C.; Ricci, C.; Lahat, E.; Fuentes, L.; Salloum, C.; Azoulay, D. Local Ablation Does Not Worsen Perioperative Outcomes After Liver Transplant for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2019, 213, 702–709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Györi, G.P.; Felsenreich, D.M.; Silberhumer, G.R.; Soliman, T.; Berlakovich, G.A. Multimodality locoregional treatment strategies for bridging HCC patients before liver transplantation. Eur. Surg. 2017, 49, 236–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yu, C.-Y.; Ou, H.-Y.; Weng, C.-C.; Huang, T.-L.; Chen, T.-Y.; Leung-Chit, L.; Hsu, H.-W.; Chen, C.-L.; Cheng, Y.-F. Drug-Eluting Bead Transarterial Chemoembolization as Bridge Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Before Living-Donor Liver Transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 2016, 48, 1045–1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orlacchio, A.; Chegai, F.; Merolla, S.; Francioso, S.; Del Giudice, C.; Angelico, M.; Tisone, G.; Simonetti, G. Downstaging disease in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma outside up-to-seven criteria: Strategies using degradable starch microspheres transcatheter arterial chemo-embolization. World J. Hepatol. 2015, 7, 1694–1700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Galastri, F.L.; Nasser, F.; Affonso, B.B.; Valle, L.G.M.; Odísio, B.C.; Filho, J.M.M.-L.; Salvalaggio, P.R.; Garcia, R.G.; De Almeida, M.D.; Baroni, R.H.; et al. Imaging response predictors following drug eluting beads chemoembolization in the neoadjuvant liver transplant treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J. Hepatol. 2020, 12, 21–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salem, R.; Lewandowski, R.J.; Kulik, L.; Wang, E.; Riaz, A.; Ryu, R.K.; Sato, K.T.; Gupta, R.; Nikolaidis, P.; Miller, F.H.; et al. Radioembolization Results in Longer Time-to-Progression and Reduced Toxicity Compared With Chemoembolization in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2011, 140, 497–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Radunz, S.; Treckmann, J.; Baba, H.A.; Best, J.; Müller, S.; Theysohn, J.M.; Paul, A.; Benkö, T. Long-Term Outcome After Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Following Yttrium-90 Radioembolization Bridging Treatment. Ann. Transplant. 2017, 22, 215–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villalobos, A.; Wagstaff, W.; Guo, M.; Zhang, J.; Bercu, Z.; Whitmore, M.J.; Cristescu, M.M.; Majdalany, B.S.; Wedd, J.; Akce, M.; et al. Predictors of Successful Yttrium-90 Radioembolization Bridging or Downstaging in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021, 2021, 9926704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sapisochin, G.; Barry, A.; Doherty, M.; Fischer, S.; Goldaracena, N.; Rosales, R.; Russo, M.; Beecroft, R.; Ghanekar, A.; Bhat, M.; et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy vs. TACE or RFA as a bridge to transplant in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. An intention-to-treat analysis. J. Hepatol. 2017, 67, 92–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moore, A.; Cohen-Naftaly, M.; Tobar, A.; Kundel, Y.; Benjaminov, O.; Braun, M.; Issachar, A.; Mor, E.; Sarfaty, M.; Bragilovski, D.; et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for definitive treatment and as a bridge to liver transplantation in early stage inoperable Hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiat. Oncol. 2017, 12, 163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Varela, M.; Real, M.I.; Burrel, M.; Forner, A.; Sala, M.; Brunet, M.; Ayuso, C.; Castells, L.; Montañá, X.; Llovet, J.M.; et al. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with drug eluting beads: Efficacy and doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. J. Hepatol. 2007, 46, 474–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lammer, J.; Malagari, K.; Vogl, T.; Pilleul, F.; Denys, A.; Watkinson, A.; Pitton, M.; Sergent, G.; Pfammatter, T.; Terraz, S.; et al. Prospective Randomized Study of Doxorubicin-Eluting-Bead Embolization in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Results of the PRECISION V Study. Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol. 2009, 33, 41–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lewis, A.L.; Taylor, R.R.; Hall, B.; Gonzalez, M.V.; Willis, S.L.; Stratford, P.W. Pharmacokinetic and Safety Study of Doxorubicin-eluting Beads in a Porcine Model of Hepatic Arterial Embolization. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2006, 17, 1335–1343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frenette, C.T.; Osorio, R.C.; Stark, J.; Fok, B.; Boktour, M.R.; Guy, J.; Rhee, J.; Osorio, R.W. Conventional TACE and drug-eluting bead TACE as locoregional therapy before orthotopic liver transplantation: Comparison of explant pathologic response. Transplantation 2014, 98, 781–787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nicolini, D.; Svegliati-Baroni, G.; Candelari, R.; Mincarelli, C.; Mandolesi, A.; Bearzi, I.; Mocchegiani, F.; Vecchi, A.; Montalti, R.; Benedetti, A.; et al. Doxorubicin-eluting bead vs conventional transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation. World J. Gastroenterol. 2013, 19, 5622–5632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fidelman, N.; Johanson, C.; Kohi, M.P.; Kolli, K.P.; Kohlbrenner, R.M.; Lehrman, E.D.; Taylor, A.G.; Kelley, R.K.; Yao, F.Y.; Roberts, J.P.; et al. Prospective Phase II trial of drug-eluting bead chemoembolization for liver transplant candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma and marginal hepatic reserve. J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma 2019, 6, 93–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kirihara, M.; Nagashima, M.; Higuchi, K.; Tahira, H.; Tajima, M. A case report of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombus responding to DSM-TACE (degradable starch microspheres-transcatheter arterial chemoembolization). Gan kagaku ryoho. Cancer Chemother. 2010, 37, 2705–2707. [Google Scholar]
- Asahara, S.; Ikari, T.; Kamei, A.; Sato, E.; Takano, K.; Fujita, N.; Shimizu, M.; Fujita, R. A case of diffuse type of hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombosis of inferior vena cava (Vv3) and main trunk of portal vein (Vp4), showing marked response to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with degradable starch microspheres (DSM-TACE). Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 2004, 101, 1332–1339. [Google Scholar]
- Shitara, K.; Fukunari, H.; Fujimori, Y.; Sho, O.; Hayashi, T. A case of diffuse invasive hepatocellular carcinoma associated with thrombosis of the main trunk of the portal vein in which hepatic transcatheter arterial chemoembolization concomitant to the use of degradable starch microspheres (DSM-TACE) was very effective. Gan kagaku ryoho. Cancer Chemother. 2006, 33, 1807–1810. [Google Scholar]
- Minici, R.; Ammendola, M.; Manti, F.; Siciliano, M.A.; Giglio, E.; Minici, M.; Melina, M.; Currò, G.; Laganà, D. Safety and Efficacy of Degradable Starch Microspheres Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization as a Bridging Therapy in Patients with Early Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Child-Pugh Stage B Eligible for Liver Transplant. Front. Pharmacol. 2021, 12, 462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minici, R.; Ammendola, M.; Manti, F.; Siciliano, M.A.; Minici, M.; Komaei, I.; Currò, G.; Laganà, D. Safety and Efficacy of Degradable Starch Microspheres Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (DSM-TACE) in the Downstaging of Intermediate-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in Patients With a Child-Pugh Score of 8-9. Front. Pharmacol. 2021, 12, 634087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salem, R.; Gordon, A.C.; Mouli, S.; Hickey, R.; Kallini, J.; Gabr, A.; Mulcahy, M.F.; Baker, T.; Abecassis, M.; Miller, F.H.; et al. Y90 Radioembolization Significantly Prolongs Time to Progression Compared With Chemoembolization in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2016, 151, 1155–1163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fujiki, M.; Aucejo, F.; Choi, M.; Kim, R. Neo-adjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation: Where do we stand? World J. Gastroenterol. 2014, 20, 5308–5319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gabr, A.; Kulik, L.; Mouli, S.; Riaz, A.; Ali, R.; Desai, K.; Mora, R.A.; Ganger, D.; Maddur, H.; Flamm, S.; et al. Liver Transplantation Following Yttrium-90 Radioembolization: 15-Year Experience in 207-Patient Cohort. Hepatology. 2021, 73, 998–1010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.-F.; Dai, Y.-H.; Lin, C.-S.; Chang, H.-C.; Shen, P.-C.; Yang, J.-F.; Hsiang, C.-W.; Lo, C.-H.; Huang, W.-Y. Clinical outcome and pathologic correlation of stereotactic body radiation therapy as a bridge to transplantation for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A case series. Radiat. Oncol. 2021, 16, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guarneri, A.; Franco, P.; Romagnoli, R.; Trino, E.; Mirabella, S.; Molinaro, L.; Rizza, G.; Filippi, A.R.; Carucci, P.; Salizzoni, M.; et al. Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy prior to liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiol. Med. 2016, 121, 873–881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wong, T.C.; Lee, V.H.; Law, A.L.; Pang, H.H.; Lam, K.; Lau, V.; Cui, T.Y.; Fong, A.S.; Lee, S.W.; Wong, E.C.; et al. Prospective Study of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma on Waitlist for Liver Transplant. Hepatology 2021, 74, 2580–2594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoffmann, K.; Ganten, T.; Gotthardtp, D.; Radeleff, B.; Settmacher, U.; Kollmar, O.; Nadalin, S.; Karapanagiotou-Schenkel, I.; Von Kalle, C.; Jäger, D.; et al. Impact of neo-adjuvant Sorafenib treatment on liver transplantation in HCC patients—A prospective, randomized, double-blind, phase III trial. BMC Cancer 2015, 15, 392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Golse, N.; Radenne, S.; Rode, A.; Ducerf, C.; Mabrut, J.-Y.; Merle, P. Liver Transplantation After Neoadjuvant Sorafenib Therapy: Preliminary Experience and Literature Review. Exp. Clin. Transplant. 2018, 16, 227–236. [Google Scholar]
- Llovet, J.M.; Ricci, S.; Mazzaferro, V.; Hilgard, P.; Gane, E.; Blanc, J.F.; de Oliveira, A.C.; Santoro, A.; Raoul, J.L.; Forner, A.; et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 359, 378–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cheng, A.-L.; Kang, Y.-K.; Chen, Z.; Tsao, C.-J.; Qin, S.; Kim, J.S.; Luo, R.; Feng, J.; Ye, S.; Yang, T.-S.; et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2008, 10, 25–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suzuki, H.; Mori, M.; Kawaguchi, C.; Adachi, M.; Miura, S.; Ishii, H. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor in the course of transcatheter arterial embolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int. J. Oncol. 1999, 14, 1087–1177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Facciorusso, A.; Tartaglia, N.; Villani, R.; Serviddio, G.; Ramai, D.; Mohan, B.P.; Chandan, S.; Aziz, M.A.A.E.; Evangelista, J.; Cotsoglou, C.; et al. Lenvatinib versus sorafenib as first-line therapy of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2021, 13, 2379–2387. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Facciorusso, A.; El Aziz, M.A.A.; Sacco, R. Efficacy of Regorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers 2019, 12, 36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liu, Z.; Fu, Z.; Li, G.; Lin, D. Downstaging of Recurrent Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Lenvatinib Treatment: Opportunities or Pitfalls? A Case Report. OncoTargets Ther. 2020, 13, 10267–10273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mazzaferro, V. Squaring the circle of selection and allocation in liver transplantation for HCC: An adaptive approach. Hepatology 2015, 63, 1707–1717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cillo, U.; Burra, P.; Mazzaferro, V.; Belli, L.; Pinna, A.D.; Spada, M.; Nanni Costa, A.; Toniutto, P.; I-BELT (Italian Board of Experts in the Field of Liver Transplantation). A Multistep, Consensus-Based Approach to Organ Allocation in Liver Transplantation: Toward a “Blended Principle Model”. Am. J. Transplant. 2015, 15, 2552–2561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Sandro, S.; Bagnardi, V.; Cucchetti, A.; Lauterio, A.; De Carlis, R.; Benuzzi, L.; Danieli, M.; Botta, F.; Centonze, L.; Najjar, M.; et al. From a Philosophical Framework to a Valid Prognostic Staging System of the New “Comprehensive Assessment” for Transplantable Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers 2019, 11, 741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Author | Country | Year | No. of Patients | Selection Criteria | Time Period on Waitlist to LT | Treatment Modality | Drop-out Rate | OS, RR, DFS, and RFS after LT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lee [52] | USA | 2017 | 121 | MC (within MC 90.1%) | 10.2 months | RFA | 1-y 13.5%, 3-y 37.2%, 5-y 58.1% | RR 1-y 2.5%, 3-y 5.3%, 5-y 7.2% |
Tan [33] | Singapore | 2018 | 36 | MC | 291 (17–844) days | TACE, RFA | 6-m 18.7%, 1-y 33.3% | 3-y DFS 71% |
Lee [39] | Korea | 2020 | T1 91 T2 54 | OPTN T1, T2 | NA | TACE, RFA, RT, Resection | NA | RFS T1 1-y 97.8%, 3-y 96.5%, 5-y 94% T2 1-y 94.8%, 3-y 92.1%, 90.7% |
Na [53] | Korea | 2016 | 53 | MC | NA | TACE, RFA, PEI | Within→Beyond 24.5% | RFS 3-y 78.3%, 5-y 73.1% |
Affonso [54] | Brazil | 2019 | 136 | MC | 6.6 (0.60–30.47) months | DEB-TACE | 33.8% | RFS 3-y 76.5%, 5-y 72.3% |
Xing [55] | USA | 2017 | 155 | MC | 5.92 (0.12–67.33) months | TAE, TACE, DEB-TACE, RE, RFA | 28.3% | OS 3-y 85%, 5-y 72% |
Agopian [38] | USA | 2017 | 2854 | MC | NA | TACE, RE, RFA, PEI, Resection, MW, etc. | NA | RFS 1-y 89%, 3-y 77%, 5-y 68% |
Authors | Country | Year | No. of Patients | Downstaging Criteria | Eligibility Criteria | Treatment Modality | Successful DS rate | OS, RR, DFS, and RFS after LT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chapman [63] | USA | 2017 | 210 (Within UCSF 35, Beyond UCSF 175) | MC | No extrahepatic lesions | TACE, RE, RFA | 42.4% | RR Beyond UCSF 8.9%, within UCSF 5.6% |
Mehta [58] | USA | 2018 | 187 | MC | UNOS DS inclusion criteria | TACE, RFA | 83.4% | RR 10.1% |
Massarollo [62] | Brazil | 2016 | 85 | MC | No extrahepatic lesions, no major vascular invasion | TACE | NA | OS 3-y 72.0%, 5-y 66.1% |
Mehta [70] | USA | 2020 | 543 (Within UNOS DS criteria 422, AC 121) | MC | No limitations | NA | NA | OS within UNOS DS 3-y 79.1%, AC 71.4% RR within UNOS DS 9.2%, AC 10.7% |
Toso [72] | Switzerland | 2019 | 29 | TTV 115/AFP 400 | No limit for size nor AFP | TACE, RFA, PEI, Resection, etc. | NA | DFS 5-y 74% |
Ravaioli [64] | Italy | 2019 | 122 | MC | Single ≤8 cm, bifocal ≤5 cm, multiple ≤5 lesions ≤4 cm each with total tumor diameter ≤12 cm | TACE, RFA, Resection, PEI | 68.4% | OS 5-y 63% RR 5-y 20.9% |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ogawa, K.; Takada, Y. Role of Pretransplant Treatments for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Waiting for Liver Transplantation. Cancers 2022, 14, 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14020396
Ogawa K, Takada Y. Role of Pretransplant Treatments for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Waiting for Liver Transplantation. Cancers. 2022; 14(2):396. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14020396
Chicago/Turabian StyleOgawa, Kohei, and Yasutsugu Takada. 2022. "Role of Pretransplant Treatments for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Waiting for Liver Transplantation" Cancers 14, no. 2: 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14020396