Protein Hydrolysates and Mo-Biofortification Interactively Modulate Plant Performance and Quality of ‘Canasta’ Lettuce Grown in a Protected Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Genetic Material and Experimental Site
2.2. Plant-Derived Protein Hydrolysates Application and Molybdenum Biofortification
2.3. Yield, Nutritional and Bioactive Attributes of Lettuce Plants
2.4. Plant Pigments and Mineral Profile
2.5. Nitrogen Indices
2.6. Statistics and Experimental Design
3. Results
3.1. Crop Yield and Biometric Features
3.2. Mineral Profile in Leaf Tissues
3.3. Nutritional and Bioactive Compounds
3.4. Pigments
3.5. Nitrogen Indices
3.6. Heat Map Analysis of All Recorded Plant Traits
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | HFW (g) | HH (cm) | SD (mm) | NL (no.) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biostimulant | ||||||||
Non-treated | 500.1 | b | 23.2 | b | 27.1 | a | 26.4 | a |
PHs | 630.7 | a | 26.0 | a | 26.8 | a | 26.5 | a |
Biofortification (µmol Mo L−1) | ||||||||
0 | 572.9 | a | 24.4 | a | 29.8 | a | 25.9 | a |
0.5 | 530.1 | a | 24.8 | a | 27.8 | b | 26.7 | a |
3 | 597.0 | a | 24.4 | a | 26.5 | c | 27.8 | a |
6 | 561.6 | a | 24.7 | a | 23.5 | d | 25.5 | a |
Significance | ||||||||
PHs | *** | *** | NS | NS | ||||
Mo | NS | NS | *** | NS | ||||
PHs × Mo | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Treatments | P (mg g−1 dw) | K (mg g−1 dw) | Ca (mg g−1 dw) | Mg (mg g−1 dw) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biostimulant | ||||||||
Non-treated | 4.20 | a | 32.48 | b | 1.77 | a | 10.32 | b |
PHs | 4.24 | a | 40.13 | a | 1.75 | a | 11.50 | a |
Biofortification (µmol Mo L−1) | ||||||||
0.0 | 4.23 | a | 36.09 | a | 1.72 | a | 11.12 | a |
0.5 | 4.25 | a | 36.10 | a | 1.78 | a | 10.75 | a |
3.0 | 4.20 | a | 36.87 | a | 1.76 | a | 11.26 | a |
6.0 | 4.20 | a | 36.14 | a | 1.78 | a | 10.49 | a |
Significance | ||||||||
PH | NS | *** | NS | *** | ||||
Mo | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||
PHs × Mo | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Treatments | Ascorbic Acid (mg g−1 fw) | a* | b* | L* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biostimulant | ||||||||
Non-treated | 32.80 | b | −15.67 | a | 29.80 | a | 59.76 | a |
PHs | 34.97 | a | −18.19 | b | 28.86 | a | 57.16 | a |
Biofortification (µmol Mo L−1) | ||||||||
0 | 27.62 | d | −17.18 | a | 31.18 | a | 59.31 | a |
0.5 | 32.03 | c | −16.84 | a | 29.79 | a | 57.83 | a |
3 | 36.75 | b | −16.46 | a | 29.08 | a | 58.47 | a |
6 | 39.13 | a | −17.29 | a | 27.34 | a | 58.22 | a |
Significance | ||||||||
PHs | *** | *** | NS | NS | ||||
Mo | *** | NS | NS | NS | ||||
PHs × Mo | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Treatments | HDM (%) | SSC (Brix°) | Total Sugars (% fw) | Total Phenolics (µg g−1 fw) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biostimulant × Biofortification (µmol Mo L−1) | ||||||||
Non-treated × 0.0 | 14.53 | c | 2.13 | d | 1.45 | f | 37.03 | g |
Non-treated × 0.5 | 13.87 | d | 2.20 | d | 1.62 | e | 44.13 | f |
Non-treated × 3.0 | 14.53 | c | 2.30 | c | 1.92 | d | 55.07 | d |
Non-treated × 6.0 | 15.11 | b | 2.33 | c | 2.17 | c | 75.23 | b |
PHs × 0.0 | 15.68 | a | 2.15 | d | 1.48 | f | 36.57 | g |
PHs × 0.5 | 15.11 | b | 2.40 | b | 1.92 | d | 47.07 | e |
PHs × 3.0 | 14.59 | c | 2.42 | b | 2.24 | b | 59.53 | c |
PHs × 6.0 | 13.24 | e | 2.53 | a | 2.54 | a | 80.60 | a |
Significance | ||||||||
PHs | NS | *** | *** | *** | ||||
Mo | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||
PHs × Mo | *** | * | *** | * |
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Sabatino, L.; Consentino, B.B.; Rouphael, Y.; De Pasquale, C.; Iapichino, G.; D’Anna, F.; La Bella, S. Protein Hydrolysates and Mo-Biofortification Interactively Modulate Plant Performance and Quality of ‘Canasta’ Lettuce Grown in a Protected Environment. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061023
Sabatino L, Consentino BB, Rouphael Y, De Pasquale C, Iapichino G, D’Anna F, La Bella S. Protein Hydrolysates and Mo-Biofortification Interactively Modulate Plant Performance and Quality of ‘Canasta’ Lettuce Grown in a Protected Environment. Agronomy. 2021; 11(6):1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061023
Chicago/Turabian StyleSabatino, Leo, Beppe Benedetto Consentino, Youssef Rouphael, Claudio De Pasquale, Giovanni Iapichino, Fabio D’Anna, and Salvatore La Bella. 2021. "Protein Hydrolysates and Mo-Biofortification Interactively Modulate Plant Performance and Quality of ‘Canasta’ Lettuce Grown in a Protected Environment" Agronomy 11, no. 6: 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061023