Author Contributions
Conceptualization, K.P. and S.A.; data curation, K.P.; formal analysis, K.P.; funding acquisition, K.P.; investigation, K.P.; methodology, K.P. and S.A.; project administration, S.A.; resources, K.P. and S.A.; software, K.P.; supervision, S.A.; validation, K.P. and S.A.; visualization, K.P. and S.A.; writing, original draft, K.P.; writing, review and editing, K.P. and S.A.
Figure 1.
The photoperiod response factor in response to daylength using a photoperiod sensitivity parameter (PPSEN) ranging from 1 (blue) to 19 (red).
Figure 1.
The photoperiod response factor in response to daylength using a photoperiod sensitivity parameter (PPSEN) ranging from 1 (blue) to 19 (red).
Figure 2.
Model performance for (a) anthesis and (b) maturity, in terms of days after planting. Simulated versus observed days after planting at Mekelle, Ethiopia, in 2008 (red filled square), Mekelle, Ethiopia, in 2009 (green filled triangle), Ilala, Ethiopia, in 2008 (blue filled diamond), Fallon, NV, USA, in 2009 (black filled dot), Jamma District, Ethiopia, in 2011 (open purple square), Ofla District, Ethiopia, in 2011 (open green diamond), and Ada Region (Ude and Kajima), Ethiopia, in 1997 (open upward yellow triangle). The solid black line is the 1:1 line. No error bars are available.
Figure 2.
Model performance for (a) anthesis and (b) maturity, in terms of days after planting. Simulated versus observed days after planting at Mekelle, Ethiopia, in 2008 (red filled square), Mekelle, Ethiopia, in 2009 (green filled triangle), Ilala, Ethiopia, in 2008 (blue filled diamond), Fallon, NV, USA, in 2009 (black filled dot), Jamma District, Ethiopia, in 2011 (open purple square), Ofla District, Ethiopia, in 2011 (open green diamond), and Ada Region (Ude and Kajima), Ethiopia, in 1997 (open upward yellow triangle). The solid black line is the 1:1 line. No error bars are available.
Figure 3.
Model performance for (a) total aboveground biomass and (b) grain yield, all at 0% moisture. Simulated versus observed yields at Mekelle, Ethiopia, in 2008 (red filled square), Mekelle, Ethiopia, in 2009 (green filled triangle), Ilala, Ethiopia, in 2008 (blue filled diamond), Fallon, NV, USA, in 2009 (black filled dot), Jamma District, Ethiopia, in 2011 (open purple square), Ofla District, Ethiopia, in 2011 (open green diamond), Ada Region (Ude and Kajima), Ethiopia, in 1997 (open upward yellow triangle), and both soils in Gare Arera, Ethiopia, in 2002 (open downward blue triangle). No observed biomass data were available for the Fallon, NV, USA, site. The solid black line is the 1:1 line. No error bars are available.
Figure 3.
Model performance for (a) total aboveground biomass and (b) grain yield, all at 0% moisture. Simulated versus observed yields at Mekelle, Ethiopia, in 2008 (red filled square), Mekelle, Ethiopia, in 2009 (green filled triangle), Ilala, Ethiopia, in 2008 (blue filled diamond), Fallon, NV, USA, in 2009 (black filled dot), Jamma District, Ethiopia, in 2011 (open purple square), Ofla District, Ethiopia, in 2011 (open green diamond), Ada Region (Ude and Kajima), Ethiopia, in 1997 (open upward yellow triangle), and both soils in Gare Arera, Ethiopia, in 2002 (open downward blue triangle). No observed biomass data were available for the Fallon, NV, USA, site. The solid black line is the 1:1 line. No error bars are available.
Figure 4.
Effects of N fertilizer on (
a,
b) total aboveground biomass and (
c,
d) on grain yield for (
a,
c) Jamma District in 2011 and (
b,
d) Ofla District in 2011. Bars represent the observed data, while the lines represent the simulated data. Observed data from Getu [
16] and Okubay [
31]. No error bars are available.
Figure 4.
Effects of N fertilizer on (
a,
b) total aboveground biomass and (
c,
d) on grain yield for (
a,
c) Jamma District in 2011 and (
b,
d) Ofla District in 2011. Bars represent the observed data, while the lines represent the simulated data. Observed data from Getu [
16] and Okubay [
31]. No error bars are available.
Figure 5.
Effects of irrigation on (
a,
b) total aboveground biomass and (
c,
d) on grain yield for (
a,
c) Mekelle, Ethiopia, in 2008 and (
b,
d) Mekelle, Ethiopia, in 2009. Bars represent the observed data, while the lines represent the simulated data. Observed data from Araya et al. [
13]. No error bars are available.
Figure 5.
Effects of irrigation on (
a,
b) total aboveground biomass and (
c,
d) on grain yield for (
a,
c) Mekelle, Ethiopia, in 2008 and (
b,
d) Mekelle, Ethiopia, in 2009. Bars represent the observed data, while the lines represent the simulated data. Observed data from Araya et al. [
13]. No error bars are available.
Figure 6.
(
a) Simulated-observed grain yield for tef versus applied irrigation for Mekelle in 2008 and 2009. (
b) Simulated-observed grain yield for tef versus applied N for Mekelle 2008, Mekelle 2009, the Jamma District in 2011, the Ofla District in 2011, the Ada Region (Ude and Kajima) in 1997, and Gare Arera in 2002. Observed data from Araya et al. [
13], Getu [
16], Okubay [
31], and Tulema et al. [
27,
35]. No error bars are available.
Figure 6.
(
a) Simulated-observed grain yield for tef versus applied irrigation for Mekelle in 2008 and 2009. (
b) Simulated-observed grain yield for tef versus applied N for Mekelle 2008, Mekelle 2009, the Jamma District in 2011, the Ofla District in 2011, the Ada Region (Ude and Kajima) in 1997, and Gare Arera in 2002. Observed data from Araya et al. [
13], Getu [
16], Okubay [
31], and Tulema et al. [
27,
35]. No error bars are available.
Figure 7.
Model performance for (a) total aboveground nitrogen and (b) grain nitrogen. Simulated versus observed yields at Jamma District, Ethiopia in 2011 (open purple square), Ofla District, Ethiopia, in 2011 (open green diamond), Ada Region (Ude and Kajima), Ethiopia, in 1997 (open upward yellow triangle), and both soils in Gare Arera, Ethiopia, in 2002 (open downward blue triangle). Only grain nitrogen was available for the Gare Arera sites, and only total nitrogen was available for the Ada Region sites. The solid black line is the 1:1 line. No error bars are available.
Figure 7.
Model performance for (a) total aboveground nitrogen and (b) grain nitrogen. Simulated versus observed yields at Jamma District, Ethiopia in 2011 (open purple square), Ofla District, Ethiopia, in 2011 (open green diamond), Ada Region (Ude and Kajima), Ethiopia, in 1997 (open upward yellow triangle), and both soils in Gare Arera, Ethiopia, in 2002 (open downward blue triangle). Only grain nitrogen was available for the Gare Arera sites, and only total nitrogen was available for the Ada Region sites. The solid black line is the 1:1 line. No error bars are available.
Table 1.
Source of experimental data for tef model calibration.
Table 1.
Source of experimental data for tef model calibration.
Location Name | Latitude/Longitude | Elevation (m a.s.l.) | Soil Type | Avg. Yearly Rainfall (mm) | Year | Source |
---|
Mekelle 1, Ethiopia | 13°3′ N/39°6′ E | 2130 1 | Cambisol | 600 | 2008 | [13] |
Mekelle 2, Ethiopia | 13°3′ N/39°6′ E | 2130 1 | Cambisol | 600 | 2009 | [13] |
Ilala, Ethiopia | 13°4′ N/39°4′ E | NA | Vertisol | 650 | 2008 | [13] |
Fallon, NV, USA | 39°29′20″ N/118°49′41″ W 2 | 1215 2 | Dia Loam Soil | 127 2 | 2009 | [29] |
Jamma District, Ethiopia | 10°27′ N/39°15′ E | 2630 | Vertisol | 868.2 | 2011 | [16] |
Ofla District, Ethiopia | 12°31′58″ N/39°30′13″ E | 2450 | Vertisol | 980.5 | 2011 | [31] |
Ude 1, Ethiopia | 8°48′ N/39°38′ E | 1800 | Vertisol | 775 3 | 1997 | [27] |
Kajima, Ethiopia | 8°48′ N/39° 38′ E | 1920 | Andisol | 775 3 | 1997 | [27] |
Gare Arera 1, Ethiopia | 09°03′ N/38° 30′ E | NA | Nitisol | 1046 4 | 2002 | [35] |
Gare Arera 2, Ethiopia | 09°03′ N/38°30′ E | NA | Vertisol | 1046 4 | 2002 | [35] |
Table 2.
Soil characteristics for a Cambisol soil at Mekelle in 2008 and 2009, a Vertisol soil at Ilala and a Dia Loam soil at Fallon, Vertisol soils in the Jamma and Ofla districts, a Vertisol soil at Ude 1, an Andisol soil at Kajima, and a Nitisol and a Vertisol soil at Gare Arera. Lower limit for plant available soil water (LL), drained upper limit (DUL), saturation (SAT), and soil organic carbon (OC). Data after Araya et al. [
13], Davison and Laca [
29], Getu [
16], Okubay [
31], Tulema et al. [
27], and Tulema et al. [
35].
Table 2.
Soil characteristics for a Cambisol soil at Mekelle in 2008 and 2009, a Vertisol soil at Ilala and a Dia Loam soil at Fallon, Vertisol soils in the Jamma and Ofla districts, a Vertisol soil at Ude 1, an Andisol soil at Kajima, and a Nitisol and a Vertisol soil at Gare Arera. Lower limit for plant available soil water (LL), drained upper limit (DUL), saturation (SAT), and soil organic carbon (OC). Data after Araya et al. [
13], Davison and Laca [
29], Getu [
16], Okubay [
31], Tulema et al. [
27], and Tulema et al. [
35].
Mekelle 1, Ethiopia | Mekelle 2, Ethiopia |
Cambisol | Cambisol |
Depth (m) | LL 1 | DUL 2 | SAT 3 | OC 4 | SRGF 5 | Depth (m) | LL 1 | DUL 2 | SAT 3 | OC 4 | SRGF 5 |
0.05 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.46 | 0.72 7 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.46 | 0.72 7 | 1 |
0.10 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.46 | 0.72 7 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.46 | 0.72 7 | 1 |
0.20 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.50 | 0.60 7 | 1 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.50 | 0.60 7 | 1 |
0.30 | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.60 7 | 0.61 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.60 7 | 0.61 |
0.40 | 0.22 6 | 0.42 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.60 6 | 0 | 0.40 | 0.22 6 | 0.42 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.60 6 | 0 |
0.50 | 0.22 6 | 0.42 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.60 6 | 0 | 0.50 | 0.22 6 | 0.42 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.60 6 | 0 |
0.60 | 0.22 6 | 0.42 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.60 6 | 0 | 0.60 | 0.22 6 | 0.42 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.60 6 | 0 |
0.70 | 0.22 6 | 0.42 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.60 6 | 0 | 0.70 | 0.22 6 | 0.42 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.60 6 | 0 |
0.80 | 0.22 6 | 0.42 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.60 6 | 0 | 0.80 | 0.22 6 | 0.42 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.60 6 | 0 |
0.90 | 0.22 6 | 0.42 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.60 6 | 0 | 0.90 | 0.22 6 | 0.42 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.60 6 | 0 |
Ilala, Ethiopia | Fallon, NV, USA |
Vertisol | Dia Loam |
Depth (m) | LL 1 | DUL 2 | SAT 3 | OC 4 | SRGF 5 | Depth (m) | LL 1 | DUL 2 | SAT 3 | OC 4 | SRGF 5 |
0.05 | 0.19 | 0.38 | 0.54 | 1.02 9 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.16 8 | 0.17 10 | 0.47 8 | 1.16 10 | 1 |
0.10 | 0.19 | 0.38 | 0.54 | 1.02 9 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.16 8 | 0.17 10 | 0.47 8 | 1.16 10 | 1 |
0.20 | 0.19 | 0.38 | 0.54 | 1.02 9 | 1 | 0.20 | 0.14 8 | 0.17 10 | 0.45 8 | 0.66 10 | 1 |
0.30 | 0.19 | 0.38 | 0.54 | 1.02 9 | 0.61 | 0.30 | 0.14 8 | 0.17 10 | 0.45 8 | 0.66 10 | 0.61 |
0.40 | 0.19 6 | 0.38 6 | 0.54 6 | 0.90 9 | 0 | 0.40 | 0.14 8 | 0.17 10 | 0.45 8 | 0.66 10 | 0.50 |
0.50 | 0.19 6 | 0.38 6 | 0.54 6 | 0.90 9 | 0 | 0.50 | 0.14 8 | 0.17 10 | 0.44 8 | 0.44 10 | 0.41 |
0.60 | 0.19 6 | 0.38 6 | 0.54 6 | 0.90 9 | 0 | 0.60 | 0.10 8 | 0.12 10 | 0.44 8 | 0.44 10 | 0.33 |
0.70 | 0.19 6 | 0.38 6 | 0.54 6 | 0.90 9 | 0 | 0.70 | 0.10 8 | 0.12 10 | 0.44 8 | 0.44 10 | 0.27 |
0.80 | 0.19 6 | 0.38 6 | 0.54 6 | 0.87 9 | 0 | 0.80 | 0.10 8 | 0.12 10 | 0.44 8 | 0.44 10 | 0.22 |
0.90 | 0.19 6 | 0.38 6 | 0.54 6 | 0.87 9 | 0 | 0.90 | 0.10 8 | 0.12 10 | 0.44 8 | 0.44 10 | 0.18 |
2.10 | 0.19 6 | 0.38 6 | 0.54 6 | 0.67 9 | 0 | 2.10 | 0.09 8 | 0.12 6 | 0.40 8 | 0.39 6 | 0.02 |
Jamma District, Ethiopia | Ofla District, Ethiopia |
Vertisol | Vertisol |
Depth (m) | LL 1 | DUL 2 | SAT 3 | OC 4 | SRGF 5 | Depth (m) | LL 1 | DUL 2 | SAT 3 | OC 4 | SRGF 5 |
0.05 | 0.28 11 | 0.51 11 | 0.54 11 | 1.02 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.26 8 | 0.44 8 | 0.51 8 | 2.55 | 1 |
0.10 | 0.28 11 | 0.51 11 | 0.54 11 | 1.02 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.26 8 | 0.44 8 | 0.51 8 | 2.55 | 1 |
0.20 | 0.28 11 | 0.51 11 | 0.54 11 | 1.02 | 1 | 0.20 | 0.26 8 | 0.44 8 | 0.51 8 | 2.55 | 1 |
0.30 | 0.28 11 | 0.51 11 | 0.54 11 | 1.02 | 0.61 | 0.30 | 0.29 8 | 0.40 8 | 0.49 8 | 0.06 | 0.61 |
0.40 | 0.26 11 | 0.48 11 | 0.51 11 | 0.90 | 0 | 0.40 | 0.29 8 | 0.40 8 | 0.49 8 | 0.06 | 0.50 |
0.50 | 0.26 11 | 0.48 11 | 0.51 11 | 0.90 | 0 | 0.50 | 0.29 8 | 0.40 8 | 0.49 8 | 0.06 | 0.41 |
0.60 | 0.26 11 | 0.48 11 | 0.51 11 | 0.90 | 0 | 0.60 | 0.29 8 | 0.40 8 | 0.49 8 | 0.06 | 0.33 |
0.70 | 0.26 11 | 0.48 11 | 0.51 11 | 0.90 | 0 | 0.70 | 0.29 8 | 0.40 8 | 0.49 8 | 0.06 | 0.28 |
0.80 | 0.21 11 | 0.45 11 | 0.48 11 | 0.87 | 0 | 0.80 | 0.29 8 | 0.40 8 | 0.49 8 | 0.06 | 0.22 |
0.90 | 0.21 11 | 0.45 11 | 0.48 11 | 0.87 | 0 | 0.90 | 0.29 8 | 0.40 8 | 0.49 8 | 0.06 | 0.18 |
Ude 1, Ethiopia | Kajima, Ethiopia |
Vertisol | Andisol |
Depth (m) | LL 1 | DUL 2 | SAT 3 | OC 4 | SRGF 5 | Depth (m) | LL 1 | DUL 2 | SAT 3 | OC 4 | SRGF 5 |
0.05 | 0.37 8,9 | 0.50 8,9 | 0.52 8,9 | 1.25 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.25 7,8 | 0.41 7 | 0.49 7 | 1.91 | 1 |
0.10 | 0.37 8,9 | 0.50 8,9 | 0.52 8,9 | 1.25 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.25 7,8 | 0.41 7 | 0.49 7 | 1.91 | 1 |
0.20 | 0.37 8,9 | 0.50 8,9 | 0.52 8,9 | 1.25 | 1 | 0.20 | 0.25 7,8 | 0.41 7 | 0.49 7 | 1.91 | 1 |
0.30 | 0.37 8,9 | 0.50 8,9 | 0.52 8,9 | 1.256 | 0.61 | 0.30 | 0.25 7,8 | 0.41 7 | 0.49 7 | 1.91 | 0.61 |
0.40 | 0.39 8,9 | 0.49 8,9 | 0.54 8,9 | 1.256 | 0 | 0.40 | 0.25 6 | 0.41 6 | 0.49 6 | 1.91 6 | 0 |
0.50 | 0.39 8,9 | 0.49 8,9 | 0.54 8,9 | 1.256 | 0 | 0.50 | 0.25 6 | 0.41 6 | 0.49 6 | 1.91 6 | 0 |
0.60 | 0.39 8,9 | 0.49 8,9 | 0.54 8,9 | 1.256 | 0 | 0.60 | 0.25 6 | 0.41 6 | 0.49 6 | 1.91 6 | 0 |
0.70 | 0.39 8,9 | 0.49 8,9 | 0.54 8,9 | 1.256 | 0 | 0.70 | 0.25 6 | 0.41 6 | 0.49 6 | 1.91 6 | 0 |
0.80 | 0.39 8,9 | 0.50 8,9 | 0.52 8,9 | 1.256 | 0 | 0.80 | 0.25 6 | 0.41 6 | 0.49 6 | 1.91 6 | 0 |
0.90 | 0.39 8,9 | 0.50 8,9 | 0.52 8,9 | 1.256 | 0 | 0.90 | 0.25 6 | 0.41 6 | 0.49 6 | 1.91 6 | 0 |
Gare Arera 1, Ethiopia | Gare Arera 2, Ethiopia |
Nitisol | Vertisol |
Depth (m) | LL 1 | DUL 2 | SAT 3 | OC 4 | SRGF 5 | Depth (m) | LL 1 | DUL 2 | SAT 3 | OC 4 | SRGF 5 |
0.05 | 0.37 8,12 | 0.45 8,12 | 0.56 8,12 | 3.77 12 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.38 8,13 | 0.53 8,13 | 0.55 8,13 | 2.59 13 | 1 |
0.10 | 0.37 8,12 | 0.43 8,12 | 0.56 8,12 | 3.77 12 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.38 8,13 | 0.53 8,13 | 0.55 8,13 | 2.59 13 | 1 |
0.20 | 0.37 8,12 | 0.45 8,12 | 0.56 8,12 | 3.77 12 | 1 | 0.20 | 0.38 8,13 | 0.53 8,13 | 0.55 8,13 | 2.59 13 | 1 |
0.30 | 0.37 8,12 | 0.45 8,12 | 0.54 8,12 | 2.88 12 | 0.61 | 0.30 | 0.37 8,13 | 0.52 8,13 | 0.53 8,13 | 2.05 13 | 0.61 |
0.40 | 0.37 8,12 | 0.44 8,12 | 0.54 8,12 | 2.88 12 | 0 | 0.40 | 0.37 8,13 | 0.52 8,13 | 0.53 8,13 | 2.05 13 | 0 |
0.50 | 0.34 8,9 | 0.46 8,12 | 0.52 8,12 | 2.20 12 | 0 | 0.50 | 0.37 8,13 | 0.52 8,13 | 0.54 8,13 | 2.09 13 | 0 |
0.60 | 0.34 8,9 | 0.46 8,12 | 0.52 8,12 | 2.20 12 | 0 | 0.60 | 0.37 8,13 | 0.52 8,13 | 0.54 8,13 | 2.09 13 | 0 |
0.70 | 0.34 6 | 0.45 8,12 | 0.52 6 | 2.20 6 | 0 | 0.70 | 0.37 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.54 6 | 2.09 13 | 0 |
0.80 | 0.34 6 | 0.46 8,12 | 0.52 6 | 2.20 6 | 0 | 0.80 | 0.37 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.54 6 | 2.09 13 | 0 |
0.90 | 0.34 6 | 0.46 8,12 | 0.52 6 | 2.20 6 | 0 | 0.90 | 0.37 6 | 0.52 6 | 0.54 6 | 2.09 13 | 0 |
Table 3.
Crop management data.
Table 3.
Crop management data.
Location | Planting Date | Plant Density | N Fertilizer Application Dates | N Fertilizer Application (kg N/ha) | Irrigation | Cultivar Name |
---|
Mekelle 1, Ethiopia | August 2 | 900 1 | 50% at planting and 50% 30 DAP 2 | 60 3 | 0,20,47,71, and 95 mm | DZ-974 and Keyh (local) |
Mekelle 2, Ethiopia | July 31 | 900 1 | 50% at planting and 50% 30 DAP 2 | 60 3 | 0, 40, and 90 mm | Keyh (local) |
Ilala, Ethiopia | August 5 | 900 1 | 50% at planting and 50% 30 DAP2 | 60 3 | No | DZ-974 and Keyh (local) |
Fallon, NV, USA | June 4 | 900 1 | No fertilizer applied | 0 | Yes | Dessie, U.K. Brown, U.K. White, PI 193508, PI 193514, PI 195932, PI 273889, PI 329680, PI 347632, PI 494366, PI 494432, PI 494433, PI 494465, PI 494479, PI 557457 |
Jamma District, Ethiopia | July 244 | 900 1 | At planting | 0, 23 5, 46 5, 69 5 | No | Wajera (local) |
Ofla District Ethiopia | July 244 | 900 1 | At planting | 0, 23 5, 46 5, 69 5 | No | DZ-Cr-387 (Kuncho) |
Ude, Ethiopia | July 22 | 900 1 | On day of planting 6 | 64 3 | No | DZ-01-354 |
Kajima, Ethiopia | July 22 | 900 1 | On day of planting 6 | 64 3 | No | DZ-01-354 |
Gare Arera 1, Ethiopia | July 24 | 900 1 | Before sowing | 40 7 | No | DZ-01-354 |
Gare Arera 2, Ethiopia | July 25 | 900 1 | Before sowing | 60 7 | No | DZ-01-354 |
Table 4.
Initial estimated soil water and mineral nitrogen conditions for each location at the start of the simulation. Simulations started one month before planting.
Table 4.
Initial estimated soil water and mineral nitrogen conditions for each location at the start of the simulation. Simulations started one month before planting.
Location | Initial Soil Water (%FC 1) | Initial Soil N (kg N/ha) |
---|
Mekelle 1, Ethiopia | 100 2 | 10 |
Mekelle 2, Ethiopia | 100 2 | 10 |
Ilala, Ethiopia | 100 2 | 10 |
Fallon, NV, USA | 100 | 40 |
Jamma District, Ethiopia | 10 | 30 |
Ofla District Ethiopia | 10 | 150 3 |
Ude, Ethiopia | 10 | 20 |
Kajima, Ethiopia | 10 | 20 |
Gare Arera 1, Ethiopia | 40 | 10 |
Gare Arera 2, Ethiopia | 40 | 10 |
Table 5.
Temperature parameters for phenology for different crop models.
Table 5.
Temperature parameters for phenology for different crop models.
Model | Reference | TBASE 1 | TOPT 2 | TTOPT 3 |
---|
DSSAT-NWheat | [20] | 0 | 26 | 34 |
APSIM-Sorghum | [26] | 11 | 30 | 42 |
APSIM-Millet | [43] | 10 | 33 | 47 |
DSSAT-Sorghum | [20] | 8 | 34 | NA |
DSSAT-Millet | [20] | 10 | 34 | NA |
DSSAT-Tef | | 7.8 | 30 | 42 |
Table 6.
Cultivar parameters in the DSSAT model.
Table 6.
Cultivar parameters in the DSSAT model.
Cultivar Name | PPSEN 1 | P1 2 | P5 3 | PHINT 4 | GRNO 5 | MXFIL 6 | STMMX 7 |
---|
Dessie | 16.5 | 100 | 500 | 80 | 32 | 1.2 | 1.0 |
Keyh (local) | 18.0 | 100 | 600 | 110 | 16 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
U.K. Brown | 16.5 | 100 | 450 | 100 | 16 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
U.K. White | 18.0 | 100 | 450 | 85 | 16 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Wajera (local) | 18.0 | 100 | 200 | 80 | 36 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
Combined DZ-974 and Keyh (local) | 18.0 | 100 | 500 | 105 | 16 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
DZ-01-354 | 18.0 | 100 | 550 | 100 | 16 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
DZ-Cr-387 | 18.0 | 100 | 100 | 120 | 32 | 1.3 | 3.0 |
PI 193508 | 19.0 | 100 | 200 | 100 | 30 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
PI 193514 | 19.0 | 100 | 200 | 105 | 16 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
PI 195932 | 19.0 | 100 | 200 | 105 | 16 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
PI 273889 | 19.0 | 100 | 190 | 105 | 27 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
PI 329680 | 19.0 | 100 | 200 | 105 | 16 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
PI 347632 | 19.0 | 100 | 190 | 105 | 32 | 1.8 | 1.0 |
PI 494366 | 14.0 | 100 | 700 | 70 | 16 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
PI 494432 | 15.5 | 100 | 500 | 100 | 26 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
PI 494433 | 19.0 | 100 | 140 | 120 | 16 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
PI 494465 | 19.0 | 100 | 140 | 120 | 16 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
PI 494479 | 19.0 | 100 | 200 | 105 | 16 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
PI 557457 | 17.0 | 100 | 600 | 75 | 16 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Table 7.
Summary of the DSSAT-Tef model performance at Mekelle, Ilala, Jamma District, Ofla District, Ude, Kajima, and Gare Arera in Ethiopia, and Fallon, NV, USA.
Table 7.
Summary of the DSSAT-Tef model performance at Mekelle, Ilala, Jamma District, Ofla District, Ude, Kajima, and Gare Arera in Ethiopia, and Fallon, NV, USA.
Model Attribute | Number of Paired Data Points | Observed Range | R1,2 | M2 | RMSE 3 | rRMSE 4 |
---|
Emergence (DAP) 5 | 9 | 5–6 | 1.00 | 0.876 | 0.8 | 14.4 |
Anthesis (DAP) 5 | 34 | 44–98 | 0.98 | 1.005 | 2.5 | 3.6 |
Maturity (DAP) 5 | 34 | 71–150 | 0.96 | 1.008 | 4.4 | 3.9 |
Total Aboveground Biomass (kg/ha) | 23 | 1400–9652 | 0.80 | 1.396 | 2624 | 49.6 |
Grain yield (kg/ha) | 38 | 352–3013 | 0.74 | 1.159 | 475 | 41.0 |
Crop N Uptake (kg/ha) | 10 | 20–206 | 0.81 | 0.623 | 45 | 46.2 |
Grain N (kg/ha) | 12 | 4.3–92 | 0.79 | 0.794 | 15 | 37.3 |