Assessment of Sustainability in Agriculture of the European Union Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of Line Features and Determination of the Direction of Their Preference in Relation to the Situation of Agriculture
2.2. Unitarization of the Values of Simple Features
2.3. Determination of the Positive Ideal and Negative Ideal Solution
2.4. Calculation of the Separation Measure
2.5. Determination of the Value of a Synthetic Measure
2.6. Ranking the Preference Order
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Acronyms | Explanation |
---|---|
EU | European Union |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
CAP | Common Agricultural Policy |
GVA | Gross value added |
AWU | Annual work unit |
UAA | Utilized agricultural area |
LSU | Livestock unit |
TFP | Total factor productivity |
GFCF | Gross fixed capital formation |
Variable | Indicators |
---|---|
Socio-economic and sectorial indicators | |
X1 | Labor productivity in agriculture (GVA/Employed persons in agriculture (full-time equivalent AWU)) |
X2 | Area under organic farming (% of total UAA) |
X3 | Livestock units per 100 ha UAA (LSU per 100 UAA) |
X4 | Ratio young/elderly managers (Less than 35 years/55 years and over)—number of young managers by 100 elderly managers |
X5 | UAA per 1 inhabitant (ha/1 person) |
X6 | Agricultural factor income per AWU in real terms |
X7 | Indicator A: Index of the real income of factors in agriculture per annual work unit (2010 = 100) |
X8 | Agricultural entrepreneurial income (net agricultural entrepreneurial income in real terms) per unpaid (nonsalaried) annual work unit |
X9 | Income per family worker compared to the wages of employees in the whole economy (based on EUR/h worked) |
X10 | Total factor productivity (TFP) compares total outputs relative to the total inputs used in production of the output (both output and inputs are expressed in term of volumes) |
X11 | Gross fixed capital formation in agriculture (investments in assets which are used repeatedly or continuously over a number of years to produce goods in agriculture)—% of GVA in agriculture (GFCF/GVA in agriculture) |
X12 | % of employment in primary sector (branch A—agriculture, forestry and fishing) |
X13 | Employed persons in agriculture (full-time equivalent AWU) per 100 ha UAA—AWU/100 ha UAA |
Environmental indicators | |
X14 | Agricultural area (% of total area) |
X15 | Forest area (% of total area) |
X16 | Areas of extensive agriculture UAA managed by farms with low input intensity per ha |
X17 | Areas of extensive agriculture UAA managed by farms with medium input intensity per ha |
X18 | Areas of extensive agriculture UAA managed by farms with high input intensity per ha |
X19 | Agricultural area UAA under Natura 2000 (% of territory) |
X20 | Forest area under Natura 2000 (% of territory) |
X21 | Water quality (gross nutrient balance 4-year avg. (potential surplus of nitrogen on agricultural land (kg N/ha/year))) |
X22 | Soil organic matter (total estimates of organic carbon content in arable land) |
X23 | Soil erosion by water (tonnes/ha/year) |
X24 | Production of renewable energy from agriculture (% of total production of renewable energy) |
X25 | Emissions from agriculture (t of CO2 equivalent per 1 ha UAA) |
Variable | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Standard Deviation | Coefficient of Variation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | 19,194.23 | 4277.38 | 72,334.88 | 15,161.55 | 79 |
Poland | The Netherlands | ||||
X2 | 7.77 | 0.21 | 21.25 | 5.45 | 70 |
Malta | Austria | ||||
X3 | 97.03 | 22.00 | 357.30 | 86.82 | 89 |
Bulgaria | The Netherlands | ||||
X4 | 12.35 | 2.40 | 38.90 | 8.98 | 73 |
Cyprus | Austria | ||||
X5 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 1.05 | 0.26 | 64 |
Malta | Ireland | ||||
X7 | 122.06 | 65.30 | 205.50 | 30.55 | 25 |
Finland | Bulgaria | ||||
X9 | 61.88 | −9.23 | 237.19 | 50.03 | 81 |
Denmark | Czech Republic | ||||
X11 | 41.67 | 3.33 | 99.13 | 23.83 | 57 |
Cyprus | Luxembourg | ||||
X12 | 5.76 | 0.88 | 24.02 | 5.27 | 92 |
Luxembourg | Romania | ||||
X13 | 7.73 | 1.73 | 46.32 | 9.00 | 116 |
United Kingdom | Malta | ||||
X14 | 49.01 | 8.55 | 76.05 | 15.64 | 32 |
Finland | Denmark | ||||
X15 | 28.75 | 0.66 | 61.74 | 15.82 | 55 |
Malta | Finland | ||||
X16 | 38.59 | 4.10 | 78.60 | 18.95 | 49 |
The Netherlands | Portugal | ||||
X17 | 30.44 | 7.20 | 49.80 | 9.51 | 31 |
The Netherlands | Slovakia | ||||
X19 | 9.61 | 0.70 | 22.30 | 6.41 | 67 |
Finland | Croatia | ||||
X20 | 30.01 | 6.70 | 57.00 | 14.17 | 47 |
United Kingdom | Cyprus | ||||
X21 | 65.38 | 2.00 | 189.00 | 45.61 | 70 |
Romania | Cyprus | ||||
X23 | 2.45 | 0.05 | 8.35 | 2.30 | 94 |
Finland | Italy | ||||
X24 | 9.56 | 0.00 | 37.80 | 9.03 | 94 |
Estonia | The Netherlands | ||||
X25 | 3.04 | 1.26 | 10.36 | 2.13 | 70 |
Bulgaria | The Netherlands |
Classes | |
---|---|
Class I | |
Class II | 0.5044 |
Class III | |
Class IV |
No. | Country | Value of the Synthetic Measure (zi) | Class |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Slovakia | 0.6105 | I |
2 | Czech Republic | 0.5721 | |
3 | Bulgaria | 0.5589 | II |
4 | Latvia | 0.5563 | |
5 | Lithuania | 0.5511 | |
6 | Spain | 0.5499 | |
7 | Estonia | 0.5458 | |
8 | Hungary | 0.5452 | |
9 | Luxembourg | 0.5391 | |
10 | Austria | 0.5340 | |
11 | Poland | 0.5330 | |
12 | Germany | 0.5187 | |
13 | Sweden | 0.5140 | |
14 | France | 0.5129 | |
15 | Finland | 0.5079 | |
16 | Croatia | 0.5072 | |
17 | Ireland | 0.4987 | III |
18 | Portugal | 0.4950 | |
19 | Romania | 0.4932 | |
20 | Greece | 0.4790 | |
21 | Slovenia | 0.4775 | |
22 | Italy | 0.4760 | |
23 | Denmark | 0.4729 | |
24 | United Kingdom | 0.4665 | |
25 | The Netherlands | 0.4430 | IV |
26 | Belgium | 0.4378 | |
27 | Cyprus | 0.4149 | |
28 | Malta | 0.3120 |
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Nowak, A.; Krukowski, A.; Różańska-Boczula, M. Assessment of Sustainability in Agriculture of the European Union Countries. Agronomy 2019, 9, 890. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120890
Nowak A, Krukowski A, Różańska-Boczula M. Assessment of Sustainability in Agriculture of the European Union Countries. Agronomy. 2019; 9(12):890. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120890
Chicago/Turabian StyleNowak, Anna, Artur Krukowski, and Monika Różańska-Boczula. 2019. "Assessment of Sustainability in Agriculture of the European Union Countries" Agronomy 9, no. 12: 890. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120890