An Evaluation of Spelt Crosses for Breeding New Varieties of Spring Spelt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Yield Components and Lodging Tolerance
2.3. Chemical Analyses of Grain
2.4. Field Experiment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of F2 Spelt Crosses of Spring Spelt
3.2. Characteristics of F5 Breeding Lines of Spring Spelt
3.2.1. Plant Height and Sensitivity to Lodging
3.2.2. Grouping Spelt Breeding Lines and Parents by Cluster Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Yield Components
4.2. Chemical Composition of Grain
4.2.1. Protein Content
4.2.2. Fat Content
4.2.3. Ash Content
4.2.4. Fiber Content
4.3. Sensitivity to Lodging
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parental Forms | Variety | Gene Bank | Designation/Accession/EWDB Number | Region of Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|
K17 | var. arduini (Mazz.) Koern | NCPGR Radzików | 2-1257/PL 21981/EWDB 45624 | - |
K18 | - | IPK Gatersleben | -/TRI 17506/EWDB 76243 | Spain |
K20 | var. caeruleum (Alef.) Koern | IPK Gatersleben | Schwarzer Bartspelz/TRI 3419/EWDB 62904 | Germany |
O11 | var. album (Alef.) Koern | NCPGR Radzików | Spelz aus Tzari Brod/PL 21805/EWDB 53925 | - |
O13 | var. arduini (Mazz.) Koern | NCPGR Radzików | Weisser Grannen Spelz/PL 21806/EWDB 55245 | Germany |
Years | Selection Cycle | Generation |
---|---|---|
2007 | Crossing of spring spelt: K17 × O11; O13 × O11; K20 × K18; K20 × K17; K20 × O11; K20 × O13; K17 × O13 | |
2008 | First | F1—collection of all spikes without selection |
2009 | First | F2—collection, evaluation, selection, and qualification of spelt crosses for further breeding: K17 × O11 14/6; O13 × O11 27/7; K20 × K18 29/8; K20 × K17 26/6; K20 × O11 37/7; K20 × O13 23/7; K17 × O13 16/5, in all 172/46 |
2011 | First | F3—selection, evaluation, and qualification of individuals for further breeding (184) |
2013 | First | F4—field and laboratory evaluation and qualification for further breeding |
2014 | Second | F3—selection, evaluation, and qualification of individuals for further breeding (from reserve) (80) |
2015 | Second | F4—field and laboratory evaluation and qualification for further breeding |
2016 | First and second | F5—field and laboratory evaluation of selected breeding lines (107) and their parents (5) |
Protein (% DM) | Crude Fat (% DM) | Ash (% DM) | Crude Fiber (% DM) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
K17 × O11 (n = 14)1) | ||||
Mean ± SD | 16.81 ± 0.84 | 1.75 ± 0.15 | 2.32 ± 0.18 | 1.69 ± 0.21 |
Min./Max. | 15.77/18.61 | 1.51/1.95 | 1.51/1.95 | 1.48/2.20 |
CV (%) | 5.0 | 8.5 | 8.0 | 12.7 |
O13 × O11 (n = 27) | ||||
Mean ± SD | 16.29 ± 0.75 | 1.58 ± 0.22 | 2.17 ± 0.13 | 1.55 ± 0.24 |
Min./Max. | 14.93/17.85 | 1.08/2.05 | 1.94/2.42 | 1.24/2.09 |
CV (%) | 4.6 | 13.7 | 5.9 | 15.2 |
K20 × K18 (n = 29) | ||||
Mean ± SD | 15.48 ± 0.81 | 1.91 ± 0.20 | 2.04 ± 0.10 | 1.33 ± 0.26 |
Min./Max. | 14.08/17.38 | 1.53/2.28 | 1.80/2.25 | 0.77/1.82 |
CV (%) | 5.2 | 10.7 | 4.7 | 19.6 |
K20 × K17 (n = 26) | ||||
Mean ± SD | 16.36 ± 0.74 | 2.02 ± 0.24 | 2.13 ± 0.12 | 1.55 ± 0.23 |
Min./Max. | 15.20/18.00 | 1.67/2.47 | 1.89/2.38 | 1.11/1.81 |
CV (%) | 4.5 | 12.0 | 5.6 | 14.5 |
K20 × O11 (n = 37) | ||||
Mean ± SD | 16.03 ± 0.84 | 1.99 ± 0.20 | 2.01 ± 0.20 | 1.47 ± 0.19 |
Min./Max. | 14.56/17.70 | 1.66/2.49 | 1.66/2.53 | 1.12/1.91 |
CV (%) | 5.2 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 13.0 |
K20 × O13 (n = 23) | ||||
Mean ± SD | 15.79 ± 0.75 | 1.75 ± 0.18 | 2.14 ± 0.26 | 1.41 ± 0.19 |
Min./Max. | 14.80/17.37 | 1.20/2.18 | 1.79/2.80 | 1.12/1.79 |
CV (%) | 4.7 | 10.0 | 12.2 | 13.3 |
K17 × O13 (n = 16) | ||||
Mean ± SD | 16.97 ± 0.95 | 1.50 ± 0.22 | 2.19 ± 0.13 | 1.41 ± 0.19 |
Min./Max. | 15.66/18.64 | 1.04/1.73 | 2.04/2.45 | 1.13/1.66 |
CV (%) | 5.6 | 14.7 | 5.8 | 13.3 |
Parents (O11, O13, K17, K18, K20) | ||||
Mean ± SD | 17.20 ± 0.55 | 2.20 ± 0.27 | 2.32 ± 0.12 | 1.81 ± 0.14 |
Min./Max. | 16.23/17.93 | 1.72/2.56 | 2.17/2.52 | 1.62/2.07 |
CV (%) | 3.2 | 12.5 | 5.1 | 7.9 |
T. aestivum cv. Parabola | ||||
Mean | 14.35 | 1.65 | 2.10 | 2.29 |
Group | n | Parents | Characteristics |
---|---|---|---|
Group I | 35 | K18, K20 | tall plants with satisfactory yield components, lower content of protein, ash, and fiber relative to the remaining groups, high fat content, and high sensitivity to lodging |
Group II | 22 | - | tall plants with unsatisfactory yield components, higher content of protein and ash relative to the remaining groups, lower content of fiber and fat, and high sensitivity to lodging |
Group III | 32 | O13, K17 | shorter plants with moderate yield components, high content of protein, ash, and fiber, low fat content, and moderate sensitivity to lodging |
Group IV | 18 | O11 | shortest plants with moderate yield components, moderate content of fat, ash, and fiber, lower protein content relative to the remaining groups, and moderate sensitivity to lodging |
Group | PH 1 | SL 2 | SD 3 | KW 4 | NK 5 | TKW 6 | GS 7 | PC 8 | FaC 9 | AC 10 | FiC 11 | LO (1–5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G I CV (%) | 111.5 ± 4.1 3.7 | 12.8 ± 0.6 4.9 | 13.2 ± 0.8 6.1 | 1.56 ± 0.12 7.9 | 31.9 ± 2.3 7.0 | 48.9 ± 3.3 6.8 | 70.5 ± 1.9 2.7 | 16.60 ± 0.77 4.6 | 2.23 ± 0.21 9.3 | 2.08 ± 0.09 4.4 | 1.97 ± 0.18 9.4 | 3/4 |
G II CV (%) | 111.5 ± 7.2 6.5 | 11.4 ± 0.5 4.4 | 12.6 ± 0.3 2.6 | 1.24 ± 0.09 7.6 | 25.7 ± 1.8 6.9 | 48.3 ± 1.2 2.5 | 70.7 ± 1.7 2.4 | 17.52 ± 0.94 5.3 | 1.99 ± 0.22 11.0 | 2.27 ± 0.08 3.6 | 1.89 ± 0.18 9.3 | 3/4 |
G III CV (%) | 107.9 ± 3.9 3.6 | 11.3 ± 0.4 3.9 | 13.3 ± 0.5 4.0 | 1.34 ± 0.09 7.0 | 28.6 ± 1.7 6.1 | 46.9 ± 2.1 4.5 | 71.9 ± 1.2 1.7 | 17.07 ± 1.01 5.9 | 1.96 ± 0.23 11.9 | 2.32 ± 0.09 3.9 | 2.32 ± 0.32 13.8 | 2/3 |
G IV CV (%) | 96.8 ± 5.3 5.5 | 11.6 ± 0.9 7.6 | 13.2 ± 0.7 5.3 | 1.30 ± 0.11 8.2 | 29.0 ± 2.5 8.5 | 44.9 ± 3.8 8.5 | 70.2 ± 2.1 3.0 | 16.40 ± 0.90 5.5 | 2.19 ± 0.14 6.2 | 2.30 ± 0.15 6.4 | 2.23 ± 0.32 14.6 | 2/3 |
G II-IV CV (%) | 106.1 ± 7.8 7.3 | 11.4 ± 0.6 5.2 | 13.1 ± 0.6 4.6 | 1.30 ± 0.10 8.0 | 27.8 ± 2.4 8.5 | 46.8 ± 2.7 5.9 | 71.1 ± 1.8 2.5 | 17.03 ± 1.03 6.1 | 2.03 ± 0.23 11.2 | 2.30 ± 0.11 4.6 | 2.17 ± 0.34 15.6 | 2/3 |
T. aestivum Parabola | 71.9 | 8.8 | 17.2 | 2.10 | 41.7 | 50.0 | 79.3 | 15.29 | 1.52 | 2.12 | 2.35 | 1/1 |
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Packa, D.; Załuski, D.; Graban, Ł.; Lajszner, W. An Evaluation of Spelt Crosses for Breeding New Varieties of Spring Spelt. Agronomy 2019, 9, 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9040167
Packa D, Załuski D, Graban Ł, Lajszner W. An Evaluation of Spelt Crosses for Breeding New Varieties of Spring Spelt. Agronomy. 2019; 9(4):167. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9040167
Chicago/Turabian StylePacka, Danuta, Dariusz Załuski, Łukasz Graban, and Waldemar Lajszner. 2019. "An Evaluation of Spelt Crosses for Breeding New Varieties of Spring Spelt" Agronomy 9, no. 4: 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9040167