Size Distribution, Bioaccessibility and Health Risks of Indoor/Outdoor Airborne Toxic Elements Collected from School Office Room
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Determination of Total Concentrations of Inorganic Elements
2.3. Extraction of Bioaccessible Fractions of Toxic Elements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mass Distribution of the Outdoor and Indoor Size—Segregated Aerosols
3.2. Elemental Total Concentrations in the Outdoor and Indoor Size—Segregated Aerosols
3.3. Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) Ratios for SSAs and Inorganic Elements
3.3.1. Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) Ratios of SSAs’ Mass Concentrations
3.3.2. Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) Ratios for Elements’ Concentrations
3.4. Inhalation Bioaccessibility of Toxic Elements
3.5. Human Health Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Elements | Winter | Spring | Elements | Winter | Spring |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 0.4 | 0.5 | Sb | 0.9 | 1.0 |
Ba | 0.4 | 0.5 | Sr | 0.4 | 0.5 |
Ca | 0.4 | 0.5 | Ti | 0.7 | 1.0 |
Cr | 0.6 | 0.8 | As | 0.7 | 0.6 |
Fe | 0.4 | 0.6 | Cu | 0.5 | 0.6 |
K | 0.6 | 0.6 | Zn | 0.8 | 0.6 |
Mg | 0.4 | 0.5 | Pb | 0.8 | 0.9 |
Mn | 0.5 | 0.7 | Cd | 0.8 | 0.7 |
Mo | 0.6 | 0.9 | Co | 0.9 | 1.0 |
Na | 0.4 | 0.6 | V | 0.6 | 0.6 |
Ni | 0.8 | 0.9 |
Elements | ALF | SLF | ALF | SLF |
---|---|---|---|---|
No sample | With sample | |||
As | 99.0 ± 5.1 | 96.0 ± 4.7 | 97.3 ± 8.0 | 97.0 ± 3.6 |
Ni | 105.4 ± 3.7 | 95.2 ± 4.9 | 97.2 ± 5.4 | 90.4 ± 5.5 |
Cu | 94.7 ± 5.7 | 95.7 ± 6.6 | 93.2 ± 7.8 | 88.8 ± 4.0 |
Zn | 98.6 ± 4.4 | 34.8 ± 4.8 | 96.9 ± 6.5 | 30.1 ± 2.2 |
Pb | 100.7 ± 3.5 | 15.4 ± 0.9 | 98.1 ± 4.6 | 14.2 ± 0.7 |
Mn | 97.3 ± 4.2 | 87.5 ± 4.2 | 92.1 ± 5.7 | 86.8 ± 2.6 |
Sr | 97.4 ± 4.6 | 98.6 ± 2.8 | 94.9 ± 6.2 | 95.3 ± 2.5 |
Cd | 94.9 ± 3.4 | 87.1 ± 4.4 | 89.2 ± 4.7 | 82.6 ± 2.4 |
Co | 95.4 ± 3.7 | 97.9 ± 6.0 | 90.2 ± 4.4 | 90.3 ± 3.2 |
V | 99.1 ± 4.7 | 93.2 ± 5.3 | 92.9 ± 6.4 | 90.3 ± 3.3 |
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<0.4 | 0.4–0.7 | 0.7–1.1 | 1.1–2.1 | 2.1–3.3 | 3.3–4.7 | 4.7–5.8 | 5.8–9.0 | >9.0 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 75.2 | 55.4 | 69.9 | 113 | 165 | 186 | 146 | 226 | 319 |
Ba | 2.7 | 2.8 | 4.3 | 5.8 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 5.0 | 7.7 | 10.3 |
Ca | 372 | 386 | 372 | 421 | 624 | 686 | 582 | 978 | 1477 |
Cr | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 2.5 |
Fe | 131 | 175 | 176 | 202 | 301 | 275 | 194 | 283 | 471 |
K | 76.3 | 141 | 132 | 94.1 | 58.3 | 53.5 | 40.3 | 64 | 86.7 |
Mg | 28.7 | 31.3 | 32.7 | 53.4 | 70.8 | 72.2 | 55.3 | 86.1 | 132 |
Mn | 5.7 | 13.6 | 14.2 | 10.6 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 4.2 | 6.8 | 9.6 |
Mo | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
Na | 51.6 | 43.1 | 46.2 | 60.2 | 64.2 | 42.2 | 30 | 58.1 | 67.8 |
Ni | 5.8 | 7.5 | 5.4 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 5.3 |
Sb | 111 | 140 | 134 | 106 | 110 | 117 | 107 | 85.2 | 89.9 |
Sr | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 3.5 |
Ti | 14.4 | 13.7 | 16 | 19.4 | 21.6 | 21.1 | 21.8 | 22.6 | 30.4 |
As | 1.1 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
Cu | 3.7 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 4.7 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 1.4 | 3.4 | 4.2 |
Zn | 24.2 | 43.4 | 63.4 | 70.3 | 37.4 | 21.7 | 16.8 | 23.7 | 20.9 |
Pb | 10.2 | 15.5 | 19.1 | 15 | 6.8 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.6 |
Cd | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Co | 7.4 | 7.1 | 9.2 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.5 | 7.6 | 8.7 | 8.6 |
V | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
<0.4 | 0.4–0.7 | 0.7–1.1 | 1.1–2.1 | 2.1–3.3 | 3.3–4.7 | 4.7–5.8 | 5.8–9.0 | >9.0 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winter | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
Spring | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
Samples | SLF | ALF | Samples | SLF | ALF | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Win/In | 39.3 ± 7.0 | 49.1 ± 5.6 | Mn | Win/In | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 44.9 ± 2.1 |
Win/Out | 42.0 ± 6.9 | 52.2 ± 7.8 | Win/Out | 22.6 ± 6.5 | 44.8 ± 3.1 | ||
Spr/In | 37.5 ± 4.4 | 44.2 ± 4.7 | Spr/In | 19.0 ± 5.1 | 34.2 ± 2.6 | ||
Spr/Out | 39.0 ± 4.6 | 43.8 ± 4.6 | Spr/Out | 11.4 ± 1.4 | 35.9 ± 4.2 | ||
Ni | Win/In | 26.2 ± 3.0 | 35.3 ± 3.4 | Sr | Win/In | 32.6 ± 5.4 | 34.0 ± 5.5 |
Win/Out | 24.9 ± 1.9 | 33.2 ± 4.5 | Win/Out | 32.0 ± 1.2 | 35.5 ± 2.1 | ||
Spr/In | 18.5 ± 5.3 | 24.9 ± 3.2 | Spr/In | 34.0 ± 2.3 | 36.0 ± 4.8 | ||
Spr/Out | 16.3 ± 4.2 | 24.1 ± 2.2 | Spr/Out | 32.8 ± 4.3 | 35.2 ± 3.7 | ||
Cu | Win/In | 24.3 ± 3.0 | 27.5 ± 1.3 | Cd | Win/In | 26.2 ± 4.2 | 36.3 ± 3.5 |
Win/Out | 24.3 ± 5.0 | 23.5 ± 0.5 | Win/Out | 26.6 ± 5.6 | 35.5 ± 3.8 | ||
Spr/In | 27.2 ± 2.6 | 26.3 ± 3.2 | Spr/In | 26.7 ± 3.3 | 26.3 ± 2.4 | ||
Spr/Out | 24.0 ± 4.8 | 25.2 ± 2.6 | Spr/Out | 26.6 ± 6.4 | 25.5 ± 2.2 | ||
Zn | Win/In | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 33.9 ± 4.8 | Co | Win/In | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 7.9 ± 0.8 |
Win/Out | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 34.5 ± 2.0 | Win/Out | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | ||
Spr/In | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 44.7 ± 4.6 | Spr/In | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | ||
Spr/Out | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 41.9 ± 4.6 | Spr/Out | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | ||
Pb | Win/In | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 50.0 ± 18.9 | V | Win/In | 40.1 ± 5.2 | 44.9 ± 5.3 |
Win/Out | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 42.5 ± 13.6 | Win/Out | 37.0 ± 5.3 | 45.1 ± 4.1 | ||
Spr/In | 4.3 ± 1.2 | 60.1 ± 12.5 | Spr/In | 42.7 ± 4.6 | 45.5 ± 5.0 | ||
Spr/Out | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 58.0 ± 5.3 | Spr/Out | 39.2 ± 8.6 | 46.2 ± 5.8 |
RfCi | EC | HQ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | ALF | SLF | Total | ALF | SLF | |||
As | In * | 1.5 × 10−5 | 3.8 × 10−3 | 1.8 × 10−3 | 1.4 × 10−3 | 2.5 × 10−1 | 1.2 × 10−1 | 9.5 × 10−2 |
Out ** | 1.5 × 10−5 | 3.1 × 10−3 | 1.5 × 10−3 | 1.2 × 10−3 | 2.0 × 10−1 | 1.0 × 10−1 | 8.0 × 10−2 | |
Ni | In | 9.0 × 10−5 | 1.5 × 10−2 | 4.3 × 10−3 | 3.2 × 10−3 | 3.0 × 10−1 | 8.7 × 10−2 | 6.4 × 10−2 |
Out | 9.0 × 10−5 | 9.9 × 10−3 | 2.7 × 10−3 | 2.0 × 10−3 | 2.0 × 10−1 | 5.4 × 10−2 | 4.0 × 10−2 | |
Mn | In | 5.0 × 10−5 | 3.1 × 10−2 | 1.2 × 10−2 | 3.7 × 10−3 | 6.2 × 10−1 | 2.4 × 10−1 | 7.5 × 10−2 |
Out | 5.0 × 10−5 | 1.7 × 10−2 | 6.9 × 10−3 | 2.8 × 10−3 | 3.4 × 10−1 | 1.4 × 10−1 | 5.7 × 10−2 | |
Cd | In | 1.0 × 10−5 | 8.1 × 10−4 | 2.8 × 10−4 | 2.0 × 10−4 | 8.1 × 10−2 | 2.8 × 10−2 | 2.0 × 10−2 |
Out | 1.0 × 10−5 | 5.5 × 10−4 | 1.8 × 10−4 | 1.4 × 10−4 | 5.5 × 10−2 | 1.8 × 10−2 | 1.4 × 10−2 | |
Co | In | 6.0 × 10−6 | 2.4 × 10−2 | 1.0 × 10−3 | 3.9 × 10−4 | 3.9 | 1.7 × 10−1 | 6.5 × 10−2 |
Out | 6.0 × 10−6 | 1.4 × 10−2 | 2.6 × 10−4 | 2.7 × 10−4 | 2.3 | 4.4 × 10−2 | 4.5 × 10−2 | |
V | In | 7.0 × 10−6 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 1.1 × 10−3 | 9.7 × 10−4 | 3.5 × 10−1 | 1.6 × 10−1 | 1.4 × 10−1 |
Out | 7.0 × 10−6 | 1.9 × 10−3 | 8.5 × 10−4 | 6.8 × 10−4 | 2.7 × 10−1 | 1.2 × 10−1 | 9.7 × 10−2 |
IUR | EC | CR | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | ALF | SLF | Total | ALF | SLF | |||
As | In * | 4.3 × 10−3 | 1.3 × 10−3 | 6.2 × 10−4 | 4.9 × 10−4 | 5.6 × 10−6 | 2.6 × 10−6 | 2.1 × 10−6 |
Out ** | 4.3 × 10−3 | 1.0 × 10−3 | 5.2 × 10−4 | 4.1 × 10−4 | 4.5 × 10−6 | 2.2 × 10−6 | 1.8 × 10−6 | |
Ni | In | 2.6 × 10−4 | 5.1 × 10−3 | 1.5 × 10−3 | 1.1 × 10−3 | 1.2 × 10−6 | 3.6 × 10−7 | 2.7 × 10−7 |
Out | 2.6 × 10−4 | 3.4 × 10−3 | 9.3 × 10−4 | 6.8 × 10−4 | 8.1 × 10−7 | 2.2 × 10−7 | 1.6 × 10−7 | |
Pb | In | 8.0 × 10−5 | 1.2 × 10−2 | 6.8 × 10−3 | 2.3 × 10−4 | 3.2 × 10−6 | 1.8 × 10−6 | 6.0 × 10−8 |
Out | 8.0 × 10−5 | 8.5 × 10−3 | 4.0 × 10−3 | 9.5 × 10−5 | 2.2 × 10−6 | 1.0 × 10−6 | 2.5 × 10−8 | |
Cd | In | 1.8 × 10−3 | 2.8 × 10−4 | 9.5 × 10−5 | 7.0 × 10−5 | 5.0 × 10−7 | 1.7 × 10−7 | 1.2 × 10−7 |
Out | 1.8 × 10−3 | 1.9 × 10−4 | 6.1 × 10−5 | 4.6 × 10−5 | 3.4 × 10−7 | 1.1 × 10−7 | 8.3 × 10−8 | |
Co | In | 9.0 × 10−3 | 8.1 × 10−3 | 3.5 × 10−4 | 1.4 × 10−4 | 7.3 × 10−5 | 3.2 × 10−6 | 1.2 × 10−6 |
Out | 9.0 × 10−3 | 4.7 × 10−3 | 9.0 × 10−5 | 9.2 × 10−5 | 4.3 × 10−5 | 8.0 × 10−7 | 8.3 × 10−7 | |
V | In | 8.3 × 10−3 | 8.3 × 10−4 | 3.7 × 10−4 | 3.3 × 10−4 | 6.9 × 10−6 | 3.1 × 10−6 | 2.8 × 10−6 |
Out | 8.3 × 10−3 | 6.5 × 10−4 | 2.9 × 10−4 | 2.3 × 10−4 | 5.4 × 10−6 | 2.4 × 10−6 | 1.9 × 10−6 |
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Tang, Z.-J.; Hu, X.; Qiao, J.-Q.; Lian, H.-Z. Size Distribution, Bioaccessibility and Health Risks of Indoor/Outdoor Airborne Toxic Elements Collected from School Office Room. Atmosphere 2018, 9, 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090340
Tang Z-J, Hu X, Qiao J-Q, Lian H-Z. Size Distribution, Bioaccessibility and Health Risks of Indoor/Outdoor Airborne Toxic Elements Collected from School Office Room. Atmosphere. 2018; 9(9):340. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090340
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Zhi-Jie, Xin Hu, Jun-Qin Qiao, and Hong-Zhen Lian. 2018. "Size Distribution, Bioaccessibility and Health Risks of Indoor/Outdoor Airborne Toxic Elements Collected from School Office Room" Atmosphere 9, no. 9: 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090340