An Improved Simplified Urban Storm Inundation Model Based on Urban Terrain and Catchment Modification
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Simplified Urban Storm Inundation Model
2.1. Urban Terrain Model
2.1.1. Urban Terrain Modification
2.1.2. Contributing Depressions Extraction
2.2. Precipitation Model
2.2.1. Temporal Simulation of Rainfall
2.2.2. Spatial Simulation of Rainfall
2.3. Surface Runoff Model
2.3.1. Total Runoff Model
2.3.2. Sewer System Runoff
2.4. Inundation Model
2.4.1. Urban Surface Runoff Calculation
2.4.2. Urban Inundation Distribution
3. Case Study
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Data Descriptions
3.2.1. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Acquisition
3.2.2. High-Resolution Image and Land-Use Map
3.2.3. Precipitation Data
3.2.4. Sewer Network Data
3.2.5. Field Data Collection
3.3. Method
3.3.1. Model Running
- First, for the urban terrain model, the parameter A in formula (1) can be set as a fixed value of 10 according to the mean height of the buildings in study area which is approximately 10 m. Then, the contributing areas of depressions can be acquired from the modified urban terrain.
- Second, for the total runoff model, construction land, avenue and road, railway land, buildings are the impermeable land area. Their area is approximately 4.13 km2 and the CN of them is set as 90.8. CN of canals and ponds (water body) is set as 98. CN of parks and sites (low-density urban area) is set as 74. CN of farmland and forests are 78 and 55 separately. A CN raster map of the study area can be calculated from the land-use map (Figure 5b) based on GIS analysis. The potential maximum soil moisture retention Sm can be calculated by Equation (4) based on CN values. Thus, the total runoff is calculated by combining the precipitation data and the SCS model.
- Third, the drainage model is built based on the sewer system data according to the Equation (5). The surface runoff can be calculated by the total runoff and drainage model.
- Finally, the surface runoff is combined with the inundation diffusion process to obtain the final inundation results.
3.3.2. Model Validation
3.3.3. Inundation Projections
3.4. Results
3.4.1. Urban Terrain and Catchment Modification Results
3.4.2. Inundation Results
3.4.3. Validation Results
3.4.4. Inundation Projections under Different Storm Scenarios
4. Discussion
4.1. Advancement and Sensitivity of the Simplified Urban Storm Inundation Model (SUSIM)
4.2. Limitations of the SUSIM
5. Conclusions
- DEM, as the basic model input, needs to accurately reflect the real urban terrain. A modified DEM is derived from the original DEM by considering the impact of buildings blocking the flow of water. In addition, canals and streets are considered in the modification. In addition, the contributing areas of depressions are the basic study units of SUSIM and are generated from the modified DEM and can accurately reflect the urban terrain.
- The SUSIM model has fast simulations and its results are acceptable, as indicated by the high coefficient of correlation (≥75%) of three historical storm validations. The validations showed that this study will be beneficial for urban planning and emergency preparation.
- Scenario analysis demonstrates a high degree of consistency in the inundation patterns among the 5-, 10-, 20- and 50-year storms. Haining Avenue, West Mountain Park, and the old residential part of the city experience the most severe inundations under these scenarios. Haining Avenue has high inundation risk for its low elevation (the lowest part of Haining Avenue is just −1.82 m). The reasons for inundation in the old residential area are its low elevation with an elevation of −0.88 m in the lowest part and old drainage facilities that constructed about 40 years ago. These low-elevation places are suggested to be rebuilt. For the places like West Mountain Park that lack drainage facilities, it is suggested that the drainage network is redesigned and extended.
- Due to hydrological variability, which is driven by complicated factors, urban inundation is becoming less predictable and more complicated with enlarging uncertainties.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Survey Points | 25 June | 26 August | 20 September | Longitude/E | Latitude/N | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | S | M | S | M | S | ||||
1 | Railway station | 4 | 5.6 | 3 | 2.8 | 7 | 6 | 120°39′11″ | 30°31′11″ |
2 | Haining Avenue | 178 | 160 | 96 | 98 | 178 | 179.5 | 120°40′05″ | 30°31′13″ |
3 | West Mountain Park | 44 | 47 | 26 | 29 | 62 | 58 | 120°40′19″ | 30°31′11″ |
4 | Haining first high school | 2 | 32 | 3 | 13 | 5 | 43 | 120°41′33″ | 30°31′08″ |
5 | Underground garage | 162 | 18 | 116 | 26.9 | 167 | 36 | 120°40′31″ | 30°31′24″ |
6 | Police station | 20 | 16 | 13 | 8 | 21 | 34 | 120°40′35″ | 30°31′44″ |
Return Period (Year) | 5 | 10 | 20 | 50 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rainfall intensity (mm/h) | 58 | 67 | 77 | 91 |
Maximum inundation depth(mm) | 403 | 812 | 1233 | 1522 |
Maximum inundation area (m2) | 2904 | 4675 | 5051 | 7330 |
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Li, Y.; Hu, T.; Zheng, G.; Shen, L.; Fan, J.; Zhang, D. An Improved Simplified Urban Storm Inundation Model Based on Urban Terrain and Catchment Modification. Water 2019, 11, 2335. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112335
Li Y, Hu T, Zheng G, Shen L, Fan J, Zhang D. An Improved Simplified Urban Storm Inundation Model Based on Urban Terrain and Catchment Modification. Water. 2019; 11(11):2335. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112335
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yao, Tangao Hu, Gang Zheng, Lida Shen, Jinjin Fan, and Dengrong Zhang. 2019. "An Improved Simplified Urban Storm Inundation Model Based on Urban Terrain and Catchment Modification" Water 11, no. 11: 2335. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112335