Spatial and Temporal Water Quality Monitoring in the Crocodile River of Mpumalanga, South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area Description
- Characterization of sampling sites
- Kaapmuiden (site 1)
- Komatipoort (site 2)
- Malelane (site 3)
- R571 Bridge (Site 4)
2.2. Water Sampling and Analysis Procedure
2.3. Statistical Data Analysis
2.4. Prescribed Physicochemical Parameters
3. Results
3.1. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Physiochemical Parameters in Four Sites
3.2. Seasonal Variation Water Quality Parameters across Different Sites in the Crocodile River
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Recommendations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Electrical Conductivity (Count per 100 mL) | Sulphate (SO42−) | Chloride (Cl−) | pH | Nitrite and Nitrate (NO2− and NO3−) | Phosphate (PO43−) | Ammonia (NH4+) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crocodile River | 30 µs/cm | 0.015 mg/L | 30 mg/L | 6.5–8.0 | 15 mg/L | 0.125 mg/L | 1 mg/L |
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Madonsela, B.S.; Malakane, K.C.; Maphanga, T.; Phungela, T.T.; Gqomfa, B.; Grangxabe, X.S.; Chidi, B.S.; Ntuli, S.S.; Nyawo, T.G. Spatial and Temporal Water Quality Monitoring in the Crocodile River of Mpumalanga, South Africa. Water 2024, 16, 2457. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172457
Madonsela BS, Malakane KC, Maphanga T, Phungela TT, Gqomfa B, Grangxabe XS, Chidi BS, Ntuli SS, Nyawo TG. Spatial and Temporal Water Quality Monitoring in the Crocodile River of Mpumalanga, South Africa. Water. 2024; 16(17):2457. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172457
Chicago/Turabian StyleMadonsela, Benett Siyabonga, Karabo Concelia Malakane, Thabang Maphanga, Terry Takalani Phungela, Babalwa Gqomfa, Xolisiwe Sinalo Grangxabe, Boredi Silas Chidi, Siyabulela Sboniso Ntuli, and Thembinkosi Goodman Nyawo. 2024. "Spatial and Temporal Water Quality Monitoring in the Crocodile River of Mpumalanga, South Africa" Water 16, no. 17: 2457. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172457