Determination of Crop Coefficients for Flood-Irrigated Winter Wheat in Southern New Mexico Using Three ETo Estimation Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Measurements and Data Collection
2.2.1. Soil Physical Properties
2.2.2. Soil Water Content
2.2.3. Meteorology
2.3. Crop Coefficients Approach
2.3.1. Methods of Reference Evapotranspiration Estimation
2.3.2. Statistical Indicators
2.4. Global Sensitive Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Temporal Variations in Soil Water Content (SWC) and Deep Percolation (DP)
3.2. Reference Evapotranspiration Using the Three Methods
3.3. Input Parameters’ Assessment for the Three ETo Estimation Methods
3.4. Crop Coefficients
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Depth (cm) | Particle Size Distribution (%) | Texture | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | Silt | Clay | ||
0–20 | 24.0 ± 0.6 | 23.0 ± 0.5 | 53.0 ± 0.4 | clay |
20–40 | 32.3 ± 0.9 | 16.2 ± 0.7 | 51.5 ± 0.6 | clay |
40–60 | 17.8 ± 0.9 | 20.4 ± 0.9 | 61.8 ± 0.3 | clay |
60–80 | 30.3 ± 1.3 | 40.1 ± 1.0 | 29.6 ± 1.4 | clay loam |
80–100 | 58.4 ± 2.0 | 23.7 ± 1.5 | 17.9 ± 1.4 | sandy loam |
Depth (cm) | BD | Ks | FC | WP |
0–15 | 1.34 ± 0.16 | 0.066 ± 0.17 | 0.38 ± 0.05 | 0.21 ± 0.04 |
15–30 | 1.35 ± 0.16 | 0.066 ± 0.17 | 0.38 ± 0.05 | 0.21 ± 0.05 |
30–50 | 1.39 ± 0.15 | 0.001 ± 0.00 | 0.39 ± 0.04 | 0.23 ± 0.00 |
50–80 | 1.29 ± 0.16 | 0.255 ± 0.33 | 0.34 ± 0.10 | 0.17 ± 0.11 |
Properties | Unit | Soil | Irrigation Water | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–20 cm | 20–40 cm | 40–60 cm | 60–80 cm | 80–100 cm | |||
pH | 8.13 ± 0.03 | 8.13 ± 0.09 | 7.93 ± 0.09 | 8.03 ± 0.03 | 8.20 ± 0.26 | 7.73 ± 0.40 | |
Electrical conductivity | dS/m | 1.67 ± 0.32 | 1.84 ± 0.54 | 3.46 ± 0.23 | 2.74 ± 0.92 | 1.84 ± 0.70 | 1.01 ± 0.11 |
Sodium | ppm | 518.3 ± 127.6 | 719.7 ± 200.9 | 1071.7 ± 354.8 | 940.0 ± 41 | 454.7 ± 120.6 | 96.3 ± 15.4 |
Chloride | ppm | 121.9 ± 13.5 | 108.4 ± 33.1 | 142.6 ± 61.2 | 190.3 ± 76.6 | 111.6 ± 57.8 | 93.5 ± 2.40 |
Calcium | ppm | 5581.0 ± 32.5 | 5482.0 ± 52.2 | 6952.7 ± 511.0 | 5685.7 ± 905.0 | 3865.0 ± 1468.8 | 95.8 ± 21.3 |
Magnesium | ppm | 578.3 ± 10.1 | 639.7 ± 23.0 | 795.7 ± 60.6 | 567.7 ± 134.2 | 360.0 ± 128.5 | 18.5 ± 2.02 |
Potassium | ppm | 430.0 ± 38.2 | 407.3 ± 23.7 | 381.3 ± 44.5 | 198.7 ± 42.0 | 171.0 ± 80.6 | 6.25 ± 0.25 |
Nitrate | ppm | 31.4 ± 9.7 | 10.83 ± 2.04 | 7.63 ± 2.40 | 4.47 ± 1.73 | 4.33 ± 1.87 | 34.1 ± 18.5 |
Sulfur | ppm | 219.6 ± 61.7 | 236.0 ± 76.5 | 1156.4 ± 240.6 | 1347.1 ± 601.7 | 630.7 ± 279.4 | 70.8 ± 3.38 |
Sensor Depths (cm) | New Coefficients for Calibration Equation (1) | R2 * | |
---|---|---|---|
C0 | C1 | ||
15 | 3.771 × 10−4 | −0.6677 | 0.916 |
30 | 3.558 × 10−4 | −0.6065 | 0.867 |
50 | 3.503 × 10−4 | −0.5929 | 0.817 |
80 | 3.700 × 10−4 | −0.6551 | 0.769 |
Growing Season | Method | CE (%) | MBE (mm) | MAE (mm) | RMSE (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021–2022 | Blaney–Criddle | 79.8 | 0.59 | 0.73 | 0.92 |
Hargreaves | 80.2 | −0.07 | 0.67 | 0.91 | |
2022–2023 | Blaney–Criddle | 54.9 | 0.61 | 0.85 | 1.13 |
Hargreaves | 67.9 | 0.03 | 0.70 | 0.96 |
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Yang, H.; Shukla, M.K.; Gonzalez, A.; Yuan, Y. Determination of Crop Coefficients for Flood-Irrigated Winter Wheat in Southern New Mexico Using Three ETo Estimation Methods. Water 2024, 16, 2463. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172463
Yang H, Shukla MK, Gonzalez A, Yuan Y. Determination of Crop Coefficients for Flood-Irrigated Winter Wheat in Southern New Mexico Using Three ETo Estimation Methods. Water. 2024; 16(17):2463. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172463
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Hui, Manoj K. Shukla, Adam Gonzalez, and Yusen Yuan. 2024. "Determination of Crop Coefficients for Flood-Irrigated Winter Wheat in Southern New Mexico Using Three ETo Estimation Methods" Water 16, no. 17: 2463. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172463