Identifying Water–Energy–Carbon Links in Urban Water Sectors: A Case Study of Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Urban Water Sectors (UWSs)
2.2. Study Procedure and Methodology
2.2.1. Step 1: Identify the Target City and Its UWSs
2.2.2. Step 2: Calculate WEC Links of the Target City
2.2.3. Step 3: Visualize WEC Links
2.3. Case Study
2.3.1. UWSs in IMC
2.3.2. Location of Facilities
2.3.3. Data Acquisition
3. Results
3.1. Water
3.2. Energy
3.3. Carbon
4. Discussion
4.1. Water
4.2. Energy
4.3. Carbon
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Classification | Water Supply Systems | Sewerage Systems | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intake Facilities | WTPs | Reservoirs | WWTPs | |||
① | Water | Usage (m³/day) | Intake volume | Treated volume | Discharge volume | Inflow and outflow volume |
② | Energy | Annual energy consumption (kWh) | Annual electric energy consumption (EEC) | Annual EEC | Annual EEC | Annual EEC |
Renewable energy usage | Renewable energy usage | |||||
③ | Energy consumption per unit production (kWh/m³) | EEC per unit production | ||||
④ | Carbon | Annual carbon emissions (CEs) (kgCO2) | Annual CEs | |||
⑤ | CEs per unit production (kgCO2/m³) | CEs per unit production |
Indicators | Junggu | Donggu | Muchuholgu | Yeonsugu | Namdonggu | Bupyeonggu | Gyeyanggu | Seogu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 147,535 | 61,486 | 416,551 | 408,946 | 529,200 | 489,118 | 298,802 | 566,676 |
Population density (population/km2) | 1052 | 8540 | 16,796 | 7449 | 9268 | 15,285 | 6553 | 4848 |
Household | 62,254 | 25,984 | 175,389 | 146,830 | 210,772 | 197,396 | 116,818 | 210,245 |
Businesses | 13,589 | 7875 | 28,017 | 19,802 | 41,071 | 32,420 | 18,712 | 36,650 |
Manufacturing businesses | 58 | 77 | 300 | 159 | 1772 | 518 | 238 | 1400 |
Hotels | 93 | - | 1 | 3 | 13 | 1 | 6 | 11 |
Medical institutions | 115 | 92 | 475 | 393 | 729 | 745 | 367 | 533 |
Public sports facilities | 116 | 45 | 161 | 65 | 139 | 116 | 78 | 153 |
Residential land-plot ratio (number of plots/area) | 8715 (5) | 2679 (16) | 19,139 (19) | 17,094 (10) | 20,817 (20) | 22,611 (26) | 12,848 (12) | 23,493 (8) |
Commercial land-plot ratio (number of plots/area) | 5808 (15) | 231 (19) | 5549 (27) | 7897 (49) | 4224 (35) | 5490 (48) | 411 (10) | 5016 (9) |
Industrial land-plot ratio (number of plots/area) | 96 (0) | 255 (3) | 570 (4) | 3 (0) | 1286 (2) | 2479 (12) | 570 (15) | 3739 (3) |
Buildings | 17,819 | 9960 | 34,875 | 8264 | 26,941 | 23,306 | 12,738 | 32,216 |
Average floor area per building | 819 | 413 | 884 | 4351 | 1241 | 1356 | 895 | 1178 |
Average number of floors per building | 2.3 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 5.7 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 3.2 |
Units per building | 60,347 | 23,789 | 171,483 | 162,402 | 202,671 | 200,038 | 119,343 | 215,871 |
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Min, K.; Lee, G.; Kim, H.; Hwang, T.; Kim, E.; Lee, J.; Kang, D. Identifying Water–Energy–Carbon Links in Urban Water Sectors: A Case Study of Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea. Water 2024, 16, 2473. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172473
Min K, Lee G, Kim H, Hwang T, Kim E, Lee J, Kang D. Identifying Water–Energy–Carbon Links in Urban Water Sectors: A Case Study of Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea. Water. 2024; 16(17):2473. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172473
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin, Kyoungwon, Gyumin Lee, Hyunjung Kim, Taemun Hwang, Eunju Kim, Juwon Lee, and Doosun Kang. 2024. "Identifying Water–Energy–Carbon Links in Urban Water Sectors: A Case Study of Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea" Water 16, no. 17: 2473. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172473