Estimating Natural Recharge by Means of Chloride Mass Balance in a Volcanic Aquifer: Northeastern Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Atmospheric Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) Method
3.2. Rainwater Sampling
Station | Sampling Period | n | |
---|---|---|---|
036 | 6 November 2008 | 5 November 2014 | 48 |
037 | 31 October 2008 | 5 November 2014 | 52 |
055 | 30 October 2008 | 5 November 2014 | 54 |
098 * | 31 August 2010 | 5 November 2014 | 36 |
174 * | 31 October 2008 | 1 July 2010 | 18 |
203 | 31 October 2008 | 5 November 2014 | 52 |
002 | 4 February 2010 | 4 November 2014 | 37 |
088 | 4 February 2010 | 4 November 2014 | 30 |
136 | 4 February 2010 | 4 November 2014 | 35 |
199 | 4 February 2010 | 4 November 2014 | 30 |
213 | 4 March 2010 | 4 November 2014 | 41 |
3.3. Runoff Water
3.4. Recharge Water (Groundwater)
4. Results
4.1. Chloride Concentration of Rainfall
4.2. Runoff Chloride Concentrations
Zone | Station | Z m a.s.l. | P mm/year | CP mg/L | DP g·m−2·year−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N2 | 036 | 375 | 264 | 21.9 | 5.3 |
199 | 443 | 361 | 28.9 | 9.2 | |
055 | 577 | 581 | 12.9 | 8.8 | |
203 | 645 | 467 | 16.9 | 8.4 | |
037 | 990 | 598 | 11.9 | 7.1 | |
098-174 | 1370 | 739 | 7.8 | 6.0 | |
N3 | 088 | 315 | 296 | 20.6 | 5.9 |
136 | 841 | 491 | 18.2 | 7.5 | |
002 | 1365 | 715 | 6.7 | 4.2 | |
N4 | 213 | 485 | 310 | 28.9 | 9.0 |
Station | Z (m a.s.l.) | Gully | Runoff (mm/year) | Chloride in Runoff (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
002 | 1365 | Guiniguada | 113 | 21 |
036 | 375 | Moya | 14 | 46 |
037 | 990 | Moya | 59 | 36 |
055 | 577 | Azuaje | 32 | 46 |
088 | 315 | Teror | 35 | 46 |
098 | 1370 | Azuaje | 81 | 27 |
136 | 841 | Guiniguada | 43 | 40 |
199 | 443 | Arucas | 19 | 51 |
203 | 645 | Moya | 17 | 45 |
213 | 485 | Las Goteras | 44 | 46 |
4.3. Chloride Concentration in Recharge Water
Zone | Station | Z m a.s.l. | S (km2) | DP g∙m−2∙year−1 | CR mg/L | E·CE (g∙m−2∙year−1) | R mm/year | % R/P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N2 | 036 | 375 | 17 | 5.3 | 150 | 0.6 | 31 | 12 |
199 | 443 | 33 | 9.2 | 75 | 1.0 | 109 | 30 | |
055 | 577 | 19 | 8.8 | 35 | 1.5 | 209 | 36 | |
203 | 645 | 15 | 8.4 | 60 | 0.8 | 127 | 27 | |
037 | 990 | 13 | 7.1 | 25 | 2.0 | 203 | 34 | |
098-174 | 1370 | 8 | 6.0 | 15 | 1.9 | 271 | 37 | |
N3 | 088 | 315 | 77 | 5.9 | 200 | 1.7 | 21 | 7 |
136 | 841 | 28 | 7.5 | 35 | 1.4 | 173 | 35 | |
002 | 1365 | 48 | 4.2 | 15 | 1.7 | 169 | 24 | |
N4 | 213 | 485 | 41 | 9.0 | 300 | 2.1 | 23 | 8 |
4.4. Recharge Estimation
Zone | Area | S (km2) | Precipitation | Recharge | % R/Ptotal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mm/year | hm3/year | mm/year | hm3/year | ||||
N2 | Low | 50 | 243 | 12.1 | 58 | 2.9 | 2.5 |
Middle | 34 | 530 | 17.9 | 172 | 5.8 | 5.0 | |
High | 22 | 652 | 14.1 | 229 | 5.0 | 4.3 | |
Total: | 105 | 44.1 | 13.7 | 11.8 | |||
N3 | Low | 77 | 234 | 18.1 | 17 | 1.3 | 1.1 |
Middle | 48 | 518 | 25 | 153 | 7.4 | 6.4 | |
High | 26 | 661 | 17.0 | 157 | 4.0 | 3.5 | |
Total: | 151 | 60.1 | 12.7 | 11.0 | |||
N4 | Low | 41 | 259 | 10.5 | 20 | 0.8 | 0.7 |
Middle | 2 | 491 | 1.1 | 173 | 0.4 | 0.3 | |
Total: | 43 | 11.5 | 1.2 | 1.0 | |||
TOTAL | 299 | 387 | 115.7 | 92.1 | 27.6 | 23.8 |
4.5. Uncertainty of Recharge
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Naranjo, G.; Cruz-Fuentes, T.; Cabrera, M.D.C.; Custodio, E. Estimating Natural Recharge by Means of Chloride Mass Balance in a Volcanic Aquifer: Northeastern Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). Water 2015, 7, 2555-2574. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7062555
Naranjo G, Cruz-Fuentes T, Cabrera MDC, Custodio E. Estimating Natural Recharge by Means of Chloride Mass Balance in a Volcanic Aquifer: Northeastern Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). Water. 2015; 7(6):2555-2574. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7062555
Chicago/Turabian StyleNaranjo, Gema, Tatiana Cruz-Fuentes, María Del Carmen Cabrera, and Emilio Custodio. 2015. "Estimating Natural Recharge by Means of Chloride Mass Balance in a Volcanic Aquifer: Northeastern Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain)" Water 7, no. 6: 2555-2574. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7062555