The Radioactive Rare Metal Mineralization in the World-Class Sn-Nb-Ta-U-Th-REE-Deposit Madeira (Pitinga, Amazonas State, Brazil): With Special Reference to the Complex Alteration of Pyrochlore-Group Minerals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
- (1)
- Approximately 50-cm thick pods and bands of the pegmatitic AEG (rarely, up to 10 m thick) [42]. They have almost the same minerals as the AGC but with much larger grain sizes. Polylithionite, riebeckite, xenotime, and thorite are much more abundant than in the AGC.
- (2)
- Border pegmatites (BPEG) that are at the contact between the AGB and the older facies (Figure 2). They are characterized by the increased sizes and amounts of K feldspar; quartz and zircon; advanced alterations of K-feldspar and biotite; and local enrichments in fluorite, polylithionite, thorite, and secondary hematite [43].
- (3)
- Pegmatite veins which are not mappable occur more commonly in the central, northern, and northwest parts of the AGC, and they have thicknesses ranging from a few centimeters to 2 m. They are heterogeneous and more commonly porphyritic. The phenocrystals may be of quartz, K-feldspar, xenotime, thorite, cryolite, polylithionite, and riebeckite. The matrix is composed of albite, quartz, K-feldspar, polylithionite, cryolite, and riebeckite; the accessory minerals are zircon, cassiterite, pyrochlore, columbite, galena, sphalerite, hematite, gagarinite, and genthelvite [44].
- (4)
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Mineralogy and Petrography
4.1.1. Pyrochlore
4.1.2. Columbite
4.1.3. Miscellaneous Products of Pyrochlore Alteration
4.1.4. Late Hydrothermal Alterations
4.1.5. Pegmatites
4.2. Mineral Composition
4.2.1. Pyrochlore
4.2.2. Columbite
4.2.3. Other Products of Pyrochlore Alteration
4.3. Geochemical Distribution of Uranium in the Albite-Enriched Granite and Pegmatites
5. Discussion
5.1. Primary Pyrochlore: Formation, U-Enrichment, and Distribution in the AEG
5.2. Primary Pyrochlore Hydrothermal Alteration and Its Products
5.3. Typology and Importance of U Mineralization
Deposit and Location | Tectonic Setting | Ore Age (Ma) | Deposit Type | Host Rock/Structure (other Associated Rocks) | Ore Minerals (Minerals of Potential Interest) | Economic Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Madeira, Pitinga, North Brazil | Guianas Shield, Amazonas craton | 1.822–1.794 | Alkaline rock-hosted | Albite granite (alkali-feldspar granite and amphibole-biotite-granite) | Pyrochlore, columbite cassiterite (thorite, xenotime, cryolite) | 164 Mt at 328 ppm UO2 (52 kt U) a |
Rössing, Namibia | Fengcheng Mamatic Massif, Damara Orogen | 510 ± 3–429 ± 17 | Alkaline rock-hosted | Pegmatitic leucogranite-alaskite (biotite-amphibole gneiss, amphibole-biotite schist) | Uraninite, pitchblende, betafite, beta-uranophane, gummite (monazite, zircon, apatite) | 246.500 tU at 300 ppm UO2 b |
Kvanefjeld, Ilimassauq, South Greenland | Eastern Gardar intracratonic rifting Province | 1.280–1.140 | Alkaline rock-hosted | Nepheline syenite and lujavrite (alkali granite, pulaskite, and nauajite) | Steenstrupine, monazite, eudialyte (pyrochlore, thorite, rinkite) | 673 Mt at 248 ppm U2O3 (184 kt U) c |
Bokan Mountain, Southeast Alaska | Alexander terrane, western Canadian Cordillera | 151 ± 5 | Alkaline rock-hosted | Aegirine granite, veins and shear zones (riebeckite granite and aegirine syenite) | U-rich thorite, uraninite, U-rich thorianite, coffinite, allanite | 562 kt at 0.15–0.33 wt% UO2 (635 t U) d |
Ghurayyah, Hijaz region, Saudi Arabia | Northwestern Arabian Shield | 620–530 | Alkaline rock-hosted | Leucocratic microgranite | Uraninite (monazite, thorite, pyrochlore, columbite, cassiterite, xenotime) | 440 Mt at 117 ppm UO2 (635 t U) e |
Morro do Ferro, Brazil | Poços de Caldas plateau | 83–64 | Carbonatite-hosted | Lateritic profile (magnetite dyke and syenitic rocks) | Uranothorite (fluorcarbonates) | 100 t U; 110–120 ppm UO2 f |
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Facies | Core Albite-Enriched Granite | Boder Albite-Enriched Granite | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crystal | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) 1 | (5) 1 | (6) | (7) 1 | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) |
Nb2O5 | 46.20 | 50.83 | 48.01 | 40.10 | 45.81 | 27.55 | 32.10 | 21.69 | 53.78 | 31.93 | 52.23 | 39.26 |
Ta2O5 | 06.13 | 06.15 | 06.25 | 02.47 | 03.72 | 05.99 | 02.43 | 04.56 | 04.99 | 01.69 | 04.75 | 02.66 |
SiO2 | 00.21 | 00.21 | 00.19 | 00.42 | 00.18 | 03.19 | 00.89 | 08.31 | 01.62 | 13.82 | 01.35 | 00.16 |
SnO2 | 01.16 | 02.72 | 02.31 | 00.72 | 02.60 | 01.11 | 00.90 | 00.00 | 00.00 | b.d.l. | 00.00 | 00.08 |
TiO2 | 01.05 | 00.47 | 00.50 | 00.92 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 01.17 | 00.81 | 01.43 | 01.45 | 00.90 | 02.61 |
UO2 | 02.81 | 02.24 | 03.08 | 06.97 | 06.54 | 04.06 | 07.39 | 13.51 | 08.38 | 12.64 | 08.56 | 13.73 |
ThO2 | 01.77 | 02.24 | 01.64 | 00.49 | 00.29 | 01.21 | 00.10 | 00.00 | 00.75 | 00.84 | 00.45 | 00.92 |
Y2O3 | 01.00 | 00.71 | 00.78 | 00.13 | 00.25 | b.d.l. | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.11 | 00.25 | 00.30 | 00.16 |
La2O3 | 01.04 | 00.63 | 01.12 | 00.57 | 00.75 | 00.04 | 00.08 | 00.00 | 00.06 | 00.06 | 00.12 | 00.00 |
Ce2O3 | 03.43 | 02.19 | 03.77 | 02.38 | 03.15 | 00.58 | 00.93 | 00.33 | 00.85 | 00.62 | 01.19 | 00.47 |
Pr2O3 | 00.39 | 00.27 | 00.43 | 00.26 | 00.38 | b.d.l. | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.06 | 00.18 | 00.15 | 00.06 |
Nd2O3 | 01.60 | 01.12 | 01.75 | 00.74 | 00.92 | 00.27 | 00.35 | 00.15 | 00.52 | 00.49 | 00.65 | 00.24 |
Sm2O3 | 00.56 | 00.43 | 00.35 | 00.13 | 00.21 | b.d.l. | 00.11 | 00.00 | 00.27 | 00.24 | 00.37 | 00.00 |
Eu2O3 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.04 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.00 | b.d.l. | 00.05 | 00.00 | 00.09 |
Gd2O3 | b.d.l. | 00.20 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.00 | b.d.l. | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.06 | 00.24 | 00.00 | 00.00 |
Dy2O3 | 00.46 | 00.13 | 00.35 | b.d.l. | 00.00 | b.d.l. | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.08 | 00.59 | 00.10 | 00.00 |
Ho2O3 | b.d.l. | 00.00 | 00.00 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.21 | 00.00 | 00.14 | b.d.l. | 00.20 | 00.00 | 00.00 |
Er2O3 | 00.18 | 00.13 | 00.11 | 00.05 | 00.21 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.10 | 00.39 | 00.00 | 00.00 |
Tm2O3 | 00.07 | 00.16 | 00.17 | 00.07 | 00.18 | 00.12 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.14 | 00.04 | 00.14 | 00.00 |
Yb2O3 | 00.20 | 00.08 | 00.00 | 00.08 | 00.05 | 00.08 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.23 | 00.25 | 00.06 | 00.00 |
Lu2O3 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.10 | b.d.l. | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.12 | 00.16 | 00.17 | 00.00 |
FeO 2 | 00.69 | 00.28 | 00.16 | 01.70 | 00.10 | 02.71 | 02.93 | 03.10 | 05.92 | 03.24 | 04.30 | 04.62 |
CaO | 01.42 | 01.73 | 01.30 | 01.04 | 03.01 | b.d.l. | 00.20 | 00.00 | 00.30 | 00.34 | 01.83 | 00.00 |
MnO | 00.11 | 00.19 | 00.22 | 00.23 | b.d.l. | 00.00 | 00.12 | 00.09 | 01.20 | 00.49 | 00.66 | 05.98 |
PbO | 07.23 | 14.51 | 07.52 | 13.98 | 05.56 | 30.69 | 17.23 | 25.94 | 02.85 | 00.02 | 02.19 | 00.64 |
Na2O | 00.76 | 00.20 | 00.30 | 00.18 | 00.70 | 00.06 | 00.61 | 00.20 | 00.49 | 00.31 | 00.42 | 00.00 |
F | 02.73 | 02.96 | 02.73 | 00.85 | 02.79 | 00.40 | 00.23 | 00.20 | 00.45 | 00.21 | 02.50 | 00.00 |
F=O2 | −01.15 | −01.24 | −01.15 | −00.36 | −01.17 | −00.17 | −00.10 | −00.08 | −00.19 | −00.09 | −01.05 | −00.00 |
Total 3 | 80.08 | 89.57 | 83.03 | 74.18 | 76.41 | 78.12 | 67.67 | 78.93 | 83.94 | 69.34 | 82.33 | 71.69 |
Structural formula based on a sum of 2 a.p.f.u. in the [6]B site | ||||||||||||
U4+ | 0.052 | 0.038 | 0.055 | 0.154 | 0.127 | 0.105 | 0.190 | 0.301 | 0.131 | 0.189 | 0.141 | 0.296 |
Th4+ | 0.034 | 0.039 | 0.030 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.032 | 0.003 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.008 | 0.020 | |
Y3+ | 0.044 | 0.029 | 0.033 | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.012 | 0.008 | |||
La3+ | 0.032 | 0.018 | 0.033 | 0.021 | 0.024 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.003 | ||
Ce3+ | 0.105 | 0.061 | 0.111 | 0.087 | 0.101 | 0.025 | 0.039 | 0.012 | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.032 | 0.017 |
Pr3+ | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.002 | |||
Nd3+ | 0.048 | 0.030 | 0.050 | 0.026 | 0.029 | 0.011 | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.008 |
Sm3+ | 0.016 | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.003 | ||
Eu3+ | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||||||
Gd3+ | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.002 | ||||||||
Dy3+ | 0.012 | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0.002 | 0.013 | |||||||
Ho3+ | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.004 | |||||||||
Er3+ | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.003 | ||||
Tm3+ | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
Yb3+ | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.004 | ||||
Lu3+ | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | |||||||||
Pb2+ | 0.162 | 0.297 | 0.163 | 0.373 | 0.131 | 0.958 | 0.537 | 0.700 | 0.054 | 0.044 | 0.017 | |
Fe2+ | 0.048 | 0.018 | 0.011 | 0.141 | 0.008 | 0.263 | 0.283 | 0.260 | 0.349 | 0.182 | 0.267 | 0.375 |
Mn2+ | 0.008 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.020 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.072 | 0.028 | 0.042 | 0.491 | ||
Ca2+ | 0.127 | 0.141 | 0.112 | 0.111 | 0.282 | 0.025 | 0.023 | 0.024 | 0.146 | |||
Na+ | 0.123 | 0.030 | 0.046 | 0.035 | 0.119 | 0.013 | 0.138 | 0.038 | 0.067 | 0.041 | 0.060 | |
Ʃ [8]A | 0.835 | 0.750 | 0.698 | 1.006 | 0.872 | 1.423 | 1.248 | 1.329 | 0.774 | 0.565 | 0.797 | 1.238 |
Nb5+ | 1.739 | 1.747 | 1.744 | 1.795 | 1.805 | 1.441 | 1.677 | 0.982 | 1.714 | 0.968 | 1.753 | 1.721 |
Ta5+ | 0.139 | 0.127 | 0.137 | 0.067 | 0.088 | 0.189 | 0.076 | 0.124 | 0.096 | 0.031 | 0.096 | 0.070 |
Si4+ | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.042 | 0.016 | 0.370 | 0.104 | 0.833 | 0.115 | 0.929 | 0.100 | 0.016 |
Sn4+ | 0.039 | 0.083 | 0.074 | 0.028 | 0.091 | 0.041 | 0.003 | |||||
Ti4+ | 0.066 | 0.027 | 0.030 | 0.069 | 0.102 | 0.061 | 0.076 | 0.073 | 0.050 | 0.190 | ||
Ʃ [6]B | 2.000 | 2.000 | 2.000 | 2.000 | 2.000 | 2.000 | 2.000 | 2.000 | 2.000 | 2.000 | 2.000 | 2.000 |
O2− | 4.878 | 4.672 | 4.667 | 5.328 | 4.983 | 5.789 | 5.559 | 5.349 | 4.643 | 3.580 | 4.771 | 5.938 |
OH− | 1.122 | 1.328 | 1.333 | 0.672 | 1.017 | 0.211 | 0.441 | 0.651 | 1.357 | 2.420 | 1.229 | 0.062 |
ƩX | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 |
F− | 0.721 | 0.713 | 0.695 | 0.268 | 0.771 | 0.148 | 0.085 | 0.062 | 0.101 | 0.046 | 0.588 | |
OH− | 0.279 | 0.287 | 0.305 | 0.732 | 0.229 | 0.852 | 0.915 | 0.938 | 0.899 | 0.954 | 0.412 | 1.000 |
ƩY | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Facies | AGC | AGB | AGB | AGB | AGB | AGB | AGC 1 | AGB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crystal | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) |
Nb2O5 | 66.74 | 68.93 | 65.61 | 66.67 | 63.63 | 51.29 | 40.31 | 57.12 |
Ta2O5 | 03.32 | 05.87 | 05.72 | 05.17 | 04.21 | 05.10 | 03.17 | 04.64 |
SiO2 | 00.51 | 00.15 | 00.57 | 00.18 | 01.70 | 04.60 | 15.80 | 00.68 |
SnO2 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 01.72 | 00.20 | b.d.l. | 00.84 | b.d.l. |
TiO2 | 02.57 | 01.26 | 02.36 | 01.63 | 03.20 | 01.14 | 02.74 | 02.74 |
UO2 | 01.15 | 00.61 | 03.64 | 03.48 | 05.19 | 06.34 | 06.72 | 08.82 |
ThO2 | b.d.l. | 00.05 | 00.18 | 00.32 | 00.44 | 01.48 | 00.56 | 00.78 |
Y2O3 | 00.12 | b.d.l. | 00.07 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.22 |
La2O3 | b.d.l. | 00.06 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.13 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. |
Ce2O3 | 00.05 | 00.07 | 00.18 | 00.13 | 00.33 | 00.42 | 00.11 | 00.42 |
Pr2O3 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. |
Nd2O3 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.05 | 00.05 | 00.10 | 00.14 | 00.03 | 00.29 |
Sm2O3 | 00.17 | 00.10 | 00.18 | 00.14 | b.d.l. | 00.25 | b.d.l. | 00.28 |
Eu2O3 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.04 | b.d.l. | 00.12 |
Gd2O3 | 00.08 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.15 |
Dy2O3 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.40 |
Ho2O3 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.15 | b.d.l. | 00.13 | 00.10 | b.d.l. | 00.15 |
Er2O3 | b.d.l. | 00.07 | 00.16 | 00.18 | 00.09 | 00.10 | b.d.l. | 00.38 |
Tm2O3 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.16 | b.d.l. | 00.09 | 00.13 | 00.06 | 00.11 |
Yb2O3 | b.d.l. | 00.05 | 00.15 | 00.07 | 00.07 | 00.10 | 00.06 | 00.31 |
Lu2O3 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.07 |
FeO 2 | 15.33 | 11.79 | 16.13 | 12.27 | 08.37 | 10.08 | 07.69 | 13.85 |
CaO | 00.40 | 00.37 | b.d.l. | 00.25 | 00.28 | 00.99 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. |
MnO | 06.70 | 08.72 | 04.92 | 07.28 | 10.05 | 02.25 | 04.39 | 04.99 |
PbO | 00.81 | b.d.l. | 00.06 | 00.13 | 00.38 | 02.83 | 03.78 | 00.36 |
Na2O | b.d.l. | 00.03 | 00.04 | 00.07 | b.d.l. | 00.76 | b.d.l. | 00.11 |
F | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.44 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. |
F = O2 | −00.00 | −00.00 | −00.00 | −00.00 | −00.00 | −00.18 | −00.00 | −00.00 |
Total 3 | 97.89 | 98.03 | 99.74 | 99.73 | 98.45 | 88.50 | 86.15 | 95.71 |
Structural formula based on 3 cations and 6 oxygens | ||||||||
Fe2+ | 0.725 | 0.571 | 0.771 | 0.598 | 0.408 | 0.551 | 0.385 | 0.708 |
Mn2+ | 0.321 | 0.428 | 0.238 | 0.359 | 0.496 | 0.125 | 0.223 | 0.258 |
Ʃ [8]A | 1.046 | 0.999 | 1.009 | 0.957 | 0.903 | 0.676 | 0.607 | 0.966 |
Nb5+ | 1.704 | 1.803 | 1.693 | 1.754 | 1.674 | 1.515 | 1.089 | 1.578 |
Ta5+ | 0.051 | 0.093 | 0.089 | 0.082 | 0.067 | 0.091 | 0.052 | 0.077 |
Si4+ | 0.029 | 0.008 | 0.032 | 0.010 | 0.099 | 0.301 | 0.946 | 0.042 |
Sn4+ | 0.040 | 0.005 | 0.020 | |||||
Ti4+ | 0.109 | 0.055 | 0.101 | 0.071 | 0.140 | 0.056 | 0.123 | 0.126 |
U4+ | 0.014 | 0.008 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.067 | 0.092 | 0.089 | 0.120 |
Th4+ | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.011 | |
Y3+ | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.007 | |||||
La3+ | 0.001 | 0.003 | ||||||
Ce3+ | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.009 |
Pr3+ | ||||||||
Nd3+ | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.006 | ||
Sm3+ | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.006 | ||
Eu3+ | 0.001 | 0.002 | ||||||
Gd3+ | 0.002 | 0.003 | ||||||
Dy3+ | 0.008 | |||||||
Ho3+ | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.003 | ||||
Er3+ | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.007 | ||
Tm3+ | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.002 | |||
Yb3+ | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.006 | |
Lu3+ | 0.001 | |||||||
Pb2+ | 0.012 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.050 | 0.061 | 0.006 | |
Ca2+ | 0.025 | 0.023 | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.069 | |||
Na+ | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.096 | 0.013 | |||
Ʃ [8]B | 1.954 | 2.001 | 1.991 | 2.043 | 2.097 | 2.324 | 2.393 | 2.034 |
Mn/(Mn + Fe) | 0.307 | 0.428 | 0.236 | 0.375 | 0.549 | 0.184 | 0.367 | 0.267 |
Ta/(Ta + Nb) | 0.029 | 0.049 | 0.050 | 0.045 | 0.038 | 0.056 | 0.045 | 0.047 |
Facies | AGB | AGC | AGB | AGC | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crystal | (1) | (2) 1 | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) 1 | (9) | (10) 1 | (11) |
Nb2O5 | 53.78 | 49.58 | 46.52 | 16.23 | 13.48 | 03.54 | 00.40 | 01.13 | 06.52 | 00.09 | 02.49 |
Ta2O5 | 04.99 | 03.03 | 04.97 | 01.98 | 00.33 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 01.41 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. |
P2O5 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.43 | 03.52 | 01.04 | 01.05 | 00.07 | 00.10 |
SiO2 | 01.62 | 02.62 | 05.42 | 10.19 | 07.75 | 14.02 | 14.13 | 11.53 | 14.39 | 00.04 | 00.07 |
SnO2 | b.d.l. | 0.79 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.23 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. |
TiO2 | 01.43 | 02.37 | 03.71 | 01.97 | 01.80 | 00.41 | b.d.l. | 00.15 | 01.18 | b.d.l. | 00.22 |
UO2 | 08.38 | 13.35 | 22.94 | 19.91 | 42.38 | 34.35 | 21.21 | 17.34 | 04.48 | 03.81 | 00.65 |
ThO2 | 00.75 | 05.19 | 01.08 | 01.48 | 08.23 | 10.00 | 04.70 | 30.39 | 11.82 | 03.13 | 11.61 |
ZrO2 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.61 | 0.848 | 00.68 | 00.18 | 02.52 | 13.32 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. |
Y2O3 | 00.11 | 00.21 | 00.18 | 00.33 | b.d.l. | 01.07 | 10.27 | 03.51 | 01.89 | b.d.l. | 01.72 |
La2O3 | 00.06 | 00.02 | 00.06 | 00.04 | 00.08 | 00.05 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 09.08 | 05.82 |
Ce2O3 | 00.85 | 00.44 | 00.47 | 00.22 | 00.85 | 00.68 | 00.02 | 00.18 | 00.23 | 26.33 | 17.03 |
Pr2O3 | 00.06 | 00.08 | 00.05 | b.d.l. | 00.15 | 00.19 | b.d.l. | 00.09 | b.d.l. | 03.55 | 02.22 |
Nd2O3 | 00.52 | 00.40 | 00.20 | 00.05 | 00.51 | 00.63 | 00.10 | 00.25 | 00.27 | 08.89 | 08.34 |
Sm2O3 | 00.27 | 00.18 | 00.15 | 00.06 | 00.19 | 00.21 | b.d.l. | 00.63 | 00.24 | 00.87 | 02.94 |
Eu2O3 | b.d.l. | 00.11 | 00.05 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.08 | 00.08 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.37 | 00.40 |
Gd2O3 | 00.06 | 00.35 | 00.10 | b.d.l. | 00.07 | 00.08 | 00.50 | 00.77 | 00.29 | b.d.l. | 00.38 |
Dy2O3 | 00.08 | 00.72 | 00.12 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 02.43 | 00.23 | 00.71 | b.d.l. | 00.69 |
Ho2O3 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.10 | b.d.l. | 00.24 | 00.49 | 01.00 | 00.14 | 00.13 | 00.28 |
Er2O3 | 00.10 | 00.54 | 00.19 | 00.11 | 00.12 | 00.21 | 02.06 | 01.64 | 00.44 | 00.30 | 00.26 |
Tm2O3 | 00.14 | 00.09 | b.d.l. | 00.04 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.26 | 00.30 | 00.11 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. |
Yb2O3 | 00.23 | 00.39 | 00.14 | 00.22 | 00.25 | 00.48 | 02.09 | 00.85 | 00.28 | 00.08 | 00.12 |
Lu2O3 | 00.12 | 00.11 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.13 | 00.57 | b.d.l. | 00.14 | b.d.l. | 00.11 |
FeO 2 | 05.92 | 12.09 | 10.28 | 05.63 | 00.49 | 00.17 | 00.80 | 00.25 | 01.47 | 00.12 | 01.50 |
CaO | 00.30 | b.d.l. | 00.28 | b.d.l. | 00.23 | b.d.l. | 00.62 | 00.34 | 00.65 | b.d.l. | 02.11 |
MnO | 01.20 | 05.47 | 02.32 | 00.25 | 00.23 | b.d.l. | 00.13 | b.d.l. | 00.38 | 00.12 | 00.48 |
PbO | 02.85 | 01.30 | b.d.l. | 00.58 | 00.08 | b.d.l. | 00.09 | 01.23 | 10.70 | 00.55 | 00.29 |
Na2O | 00.49 | 00.14 | 00.44 | 00.26 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 00.02 | 00.04 | 00.17 | 00.12 | 00.24 |
F | 00.45 | 00.49 | b.d.l. | b.d.l. | 01.24 | 02.97 | 03.92 | 04.54 | 02.61 | 17.31 | 10.75 |
F = O2 | −00.19 | −00.21 | −00.00 | −00.00 | −00.52 | −01.25 | −01.65 | −01.91 | −01.10 | ||
Total 3 | 83.94 | 101.88 | 99.22 | 61.66 | 80.13 | 69.43 | 66.94 | 81.10 | 73.99 | 74.96 | 70.82 |
AGC | AGB | PEG | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
UO2 (ppm) | Min. | 40.00 | 34.00 | 20.00 |
Max. | 1610.00 | 796.00 | 1180.00 | |
Avg. | 322 (111) | 345 (54) | 553 | |
ThO2 (ppm) | Min. | 70.00 | 36.10 | 1080.00 |
Max. | 2388.00 | 2419.00 | 18,400.00 | |
Avg. | 800 (113) | 696 (71) | 5127 (98) | |
Th/U | Min. | 0.29 | 0.13 | 3.30 |
Max. | 30.40 | 8.94 | 389.50 | |
Avg. | 3.82 (110) | 1.85 (53) | 19.85 (64) |
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Hadlich, I.W.; Bastos Neto, A.C.; Pereira, V.P.; Dill, H.G.; Botelho, N.F. The Radioactive Rare Metal Mineralization in the World-Class Sn-Nb-Ta-U-Th-REE-Deposit Madeira (Pitinga, Amazonas State, Brazil): With Special Reference to the Complex Alteration of Pyrochlore-Group Minerals. Minerals 2024, 14, 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090895
Hadlich IW, Bastos Neto AC, Pereira VP, Dill HG, Botelho NF. The Radioactive Rare Metal Mineralization in the World-Class Sn-Nb-Ta-U-Th-REE-Deposit Madeira (Pitinga, Amazonas State, Brazil): With Special Reference to the Complex Alteration of Pyrochlore-Group Minerals. Minerals. 2024; 14(9):895. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090895
Chicago/Turabian StyleHadlich, Ingrid W., Artur C. Bastos Neto, Vitor P. Pereira, Harald G. Dill, and Nilson F. Botelho. 2024. "The Radioactive Rare Metal Mineralization in the World-Class Sn-Nb-Ta-U-Th-REE-Deposit Madeira (Pitinga, Amazonas State, Brazil): With Special Reference to the Complex Alteration of Pyrochlore-Group Minerals" Minerals 14, no. 9: 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090895