Ephedra alata Subsp. Alenda as a Novel Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: Characterization Based on the Mass Spectrometry and Profiling of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Drugs
2.2. Plant Material, Collection, and Extraction
2.3. Phytochemistry (HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS Analysis)
2.4. The Antioxidant Properties: In Vitro Study
2.4.1. Scavenging Ability toward DPPH
2.4.2. Superoxide Radical Scavenging Assay
2.4.3. Ferrous Ion Chelating Assay
2.5. In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity
2.5.1. COX-1 and COX-2 Inhibition Assay
2.5.2. Inhibition of Protein Denaturation
2.5.3. Ethical Clearance
2.5.4. Membrane Stabilization
2.6. Statistical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS Analysis
3.2. Antioxidants Activity
3.3. In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Proposed Compound | Molecular Formula | RT (min) | Mean Peak Area | Relative % a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Unknown | C5H13NO | 0.4 | 6,941,206 | 3.567 ± 0.013 |
2 | Methanoproline | C6H9NO2 | 0.5 | 327,766 | 0.168 ± 0.004 |
3 | Leucine/Isoleucine hexoside | C12H23NO7 | 0.6 | 9,895,290 | 5.085 ± 0.158 |
4 | Phenylalanine hexoside | C15H21NO7 | 0.8 | 32,493,414 | 16.699 ± 0.309 |
5 | Ephedrine derivative 1 (+ hexosyl + deoxyhexosyl) | C22H35NO10 | 1.1 | 47,146 | 0.024 ± 0.004 |
6 | Indoleacrylic acid | C11H9NO2 | 1.7 | 18,548 | 0.010 ± 0.001 |
7 | Hydroxykynurenic acid | C10H7NO4 | 2.2 | 110,717 | 0.057 ± 0.001 |
8 | Unknown | C12H14N2O3 | 3.2 | 58,993 | 0.030 ± 0.001 |
9 | Kynurenic acid | C10H7NO3 | 3.7 | 26,694 | 0.014 ± 0.003 |
10 | Unknown | C10H13NO2 | 4.9 | 6,082,634 | 3.126 ± 0.216 |
11 | Unknown | C10H13NO2 | 5.3 | 12,797,772 | 6.577 ± 0.119 |
12 | Ephedrine derivative 2 | C24H37NO11 | 6.1 | 7645 | 0.004 ± 0.000 |
13 | Unknown | C14H18N4O2 | 6.9 | 160,758 | 0.083 ± 0.003 |
14 | Ephedrine derivative 3 | C35H49NO15 | 8.2 | 39,773 | 0.020 ± 0.004 |
15 | Isoschaftoside | C26H28O14 | 8.7 | 558,228 | 0.287 ± 0.001 |
16 | Ephedrine derivative 4 | C37H51NO15 | 9.9 | 44,981 | 0.023 ± 0.002 |
17 | Unknown | C29H59NO9 | 10.7 | 1,133,485 | 0.583 ± 0.012 |
18 | Unknown | C29H59NO9 | 10.8 | 1,919,159 | 0.986 ± 0.106 |
19 | Isorhamnetin O-hexoside-O-deoxyhexoside 1 | C28H32O16 | 11.2 | 312,278 | 0.160 ± 0.010 |
20 | Isorhamnetin O-hexoside-O-deoxyhexoside 2 | C28H32O16 | 11.5 | 375,236 | 0.193 ± 0.000 |
21 | Unknown (compound 18 + C6H11NO) | C35H70N2O10 | 12.3 | 5,044,989 | 2.593 ± 0.091 |
22 | Kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside | C21H20O10 | 12.9 | 89,651 | 0.046 ± 0.000 |
23 | Unknown (compound 19 + C6H11NO) | C41H81N3O11 | 13.4 | 2,472,859 | 1.271 ± 0.047 |
24 | Unknown (compound 20 + C6H11NO) | C47H92N4O12 | 14.3 | 565,680 | 0.291 ± 0.006 |
25 | Unknown (compound 21 + C6H11NO) | C53H103N5O13 | 15.1 | 74,822 | 0.038±0.000 |
26 | Tetradecasphinganine | C14H31NO2 | 16 | 675,136 | 0.347 ± 0.010 |
27 | Hexadecasphinganine | C16H35NO2 | 22 | 47,041,954 | 24.176 ± 1.961 |
28 | Phytosphingosine | C18H39NO3 | 22.7 | 58,02,618 | 2.982 ± 0.226 |
29 | Sphingolipid derivative 1 | C16H35NO3 | 22.8 | 6,817,998 | 3.504 ± 0.513 |
30 | Sphingolipid derivative 2 | C16H33NO3 | 23.5 | 627,400 | 0.322 ± 0.011 |
31 | Unknown | C14H31NO | 24.1 | 8,684,421 | 4.463 ± 0.566 |
32 | Sphingolipid derivative 3 | C18H39NO3 | 25 | 2,066,875 | 1.062 ± 0.186 |
33 | Unknown | C16H36NO | 25.4 | 4,771,780 | 2.452 ± 0.105 |
34 | 9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid | C18H36O4 | 25.8 | 32,234 | 0.017 ± 0.000 |
35 | Deoxysphinganine | C18H39NO | 25.9 | 403,861 | 0.208 ± 0.017 |
36 | Hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid | C18H30O3 | 26.3 | 1,173,301 | 0.603 ± 0.025 |
37 | Unknown (choline derivative) | C28H47N3O6 | 26.5 | 80,220 | 0.041 ± 0.002 |
38 | Unknown | C20H37NO3 | 27 | 148,727 | 0.076 ± 0.004 |
39 | Unknown | C17H32N6O2 | 27.5 | 10,892,423 | 5.598 ± 0.659 |
40 | Oleamide | C18H35NO | 27.8 | 13,817,387 | 7.101 ± 0.705 |
41 | N-Palmitoylsphingosine | C34H67NO3 | 28 | 1,601,879 | 0.823 ± 0.440 |
42 | Unknown | C19H36N6O2 | 28.4 | 8,344,368 | 4.288 ± 0.626 |
Sample | DPPH Radical Scavenging | Superoxide Radical Scavenging | Fe2+ Chelating |
---|---|---|---|
Ephedra alata pulp | 0.57 ± 0.05 ns | 0.55 ± 0.01 * | 0.51 ± 0.02 * |
Ascorbic acid | 0.54 ± 0.01 | 0.63 ± 0.02 | 0.46 ± 0.01 |
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Mufti, A.; Contreras, M.d.M.; Gómez-Cruz, I.; Alshamrani, A.; Nahdi, S.; Mansour, L.; Alwasel, S.; Harrath, A.H.; Tlili, N. Ephedra alata Subsp. Alenda as a Novel Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: Characterization Based on the Mass Spectrometry and Profiling of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Life 2023, 13, 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020323
Mufti A, Contreras MdM, Gómez-Cruz I, Alshamrani A, Nahdi S, Mansour L, Alwasel S, Harrath AH, Tlili N. Ephedra alata Subsp. Alenda as a Novel Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: Characterization Based on the Mass Spectrometry and Profiling of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Life. 2023; 13(2):323. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020323
Chicago/Turabian StyleMufti, Afoua, María del Mar Contreras, Irene Gómez-Cruz, Abdullah Alshamrani, Saber Nahdi, Lamjed Mansour, Salah Alwasel, Abdel Halim Harrath, and Nizar Tlili. 2023. "Ephedra alata Subsp. Alenda as a Novel Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: Characterization Based on the Mass Spectrometry and Profiling of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties" Life 13, no. 2: 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020323