Obstructive Sleep Apnea after COVID-19: An Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Data
3.2. Co-Morbidities Associated with Post-COVID-19 OSA
3.3. Clinical, Biological, and Radiological Characteristics of the COVID-19 Episode
3.4. OSA Screening Questionnaire
3.5. Nocturnal Polygraphy
3.6. Factors Associated with Severe OSA Forms
3.7. Factors Associated with Post-COVID-19 Sleep Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Situation | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Median Score | Average Score ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sitting and reading | 3 | 42 | 121 | 91 | 2 | 2.16 +/− 0.73 |
Watching TV | 8 | 86 | 120 | 86 | 2 | 1.77 +/− 0.75 |
Sitting inactive in a public place | 7 | 83 | 143 | 24 | 2 | 1.71 +/− 0.66 |
Riding in a car for an hour without break | 2 | 79 | 138 | 38 | 2 | 1.82 +/− 0.67 |
Lying down to rest in the afternoon | 5 | 160 | 67 | 25 | 1 | 1.43 +/− 0.69 |
Sitting talking to someone | 11 | 163 | 82 | 0 | 1 | 1.28 +/− 0.53 |
Sitting quietly after lunch, without alcohol | 1 | 64 | 93 | 99 | 2 | 2.12 +/− 0.79 |
Stopped in traffic for a few minutes | 19 | 66 | 96 | 76 | 2 | 1.89 +/− 0.92 |
Yes | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
S | Do you snore loudly? | 218 | 84.82% |
T | Do you often feel tired, fatigued, or sleepy during the daytime? | 154 | 59.92% |
O | Has anyone observed you stop breathing or gasping during your sleep? | 143 | 55.64% |
P | Do you have, or are you being treated for, high blood pressure? | 194 | 75.49% |
B | BMI more than 35? | 139 | 54.09% |
A | Age over 50 years old? | 180 | 70.04% |
N | Neck circumference grater than 40 cm (male) or 37 cm (female)? | 82 | 31.91% |
G | Are you male? | 171 | 66.54% |
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N = 257 | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 171 | 66.5% |
Female | 86 | 33.5% | |
Living | Urban | 165 | 64.2% |
Rural | 92 | 35.8% | |
Education | ≤4 years | 5 | 1.9% |
8 years | 131 | 51.0% | |
≥12 years | 121 | 47.1% | |
Professional | Employed | 135 | 52.5% |
Unemployed | 10 | 3.9% | |
Retired | 112 | 43.6% | |
Smoker | Yes | 110 | 42.8% |
No | 147 | 57.2% | |
Alcohol | Yes | 75 | 29.18% |
No | 182 | 70.82% |
N = 257 | n | % | p | CI 0.95 for π |
---|---|---|---|---|
COVID-19-vaccinated | 110 | 42.8% | 0.020 | 0.36; 0.48 |
COVID-19 history (Reinfection) | 155 | 60.3% | <0.001 | 0.54; 0.66 |
Severe COVID-19 | 186 | 72.4% | <0.001 | 0.68; 0.77 |
Fever | 130 | 50.58% | 0.851 | 0.44; 0.56 |
Headache | 157 | 61.09% | <0.001 | 0.55; 0.67 |
Symptoms > 4 days | 110 | 42.8% | 0.020 | 0.36; 0.48 |
Anosmia | 54 | 21.01% | <0.001 | 0.16; 0.26 |
Heart rate > 100/min | 143 | 55.64% | 0.070 | 0.49; 0.61 |
Respiratory rate > 24 | 53 | 20.62% | <0.001 | 0.15; 0.25 |
SO2 < 88% | 118 | 45.91% | 0.190 | 0.39; 0.52 |
Rx-score > 4 | 94 | 36.58% | <0.001 | 0.30; 0.42 |
N/Ly > 3 | 139 | 54.09% | 0.190 | 0.47; 0.60 |
CRP > 10 | 50 | 19.46% | <0.001 | 0.75; 0.85 |
Na < 136 mEq/L | 152 | 59.38% | 0.002 | 0.53; 0.65 |
ALT > x1.5 NV | 140 | 54.47% | 0.151 | 0.68; 0.60 |
Cortico-therapy | 67 | 20.07% | <0.001 | 0.20; 0.31 |
Anticoagulant | 70 | 27.24% | <0.001 | 0.21; 0.32 |
Average ± SD | Median | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Apnoea–hypopnea index | 37.55 ± 22.81 | 32 | 1.9 | 106.5 |
Apnea Index | 171.88 ± 172.51 | 103 | 2 | 728 |
Central apnea | 14.5 ± 36.31 | 2 | 0 | 316 |
Hypopnea Index | 97.26 ± 60.46 | 89 | 4 | 296 |
Snoring/Sleeping time Index | 108.96 ± 145.98 | 45 | 0 | 745.6 |
Oxygen Desaturation Index | 37.86 ± 23.15 | 34.4 | 2.3 | 100.7 |
Average saturation at night | 90.6 ± 4.4 | 92 | 72 | 98 |
T90 | 24.63 ± 28.74 | 12.9 | 0 | 99.6 |
AHI ≥ 30 | AHI < 30 | or | p | CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SEX | M | 116 | 55 | 3.55 | <0.001 | 2.09; 6.05 |
F | 32 | 54 | ||||
SMOKING | YES | 73 | 37 | 1.894 | 0.013 | 1.13; 3.14 |
NO | 75 | 72 | ||||
AGE > 60 | YES | 73 | 75 | 1.74 | 0.030 | 1.05; 2.89 |
NO | 39 | 70 | ||||
BMI > 35 kg/m2 | YES | 97 | 49 | 2.32 | <0.001 | 1.40; 3.73 |
NO | 51 | 60 | ||||
COPD | YES | 38 | 19 | 1.63 | 0.115 | 0.88; 3.02 |
NO | 110 | 90 | ||||
HYPERTENSION | YES | 128 | 78 | 2.54 | 0.003 | 1.37; 4.71 |
NO | 20 | 31 | ||||
DIABETES | YES | 57 | 91 | 1.64 | 0.065 | 0.96; 2.81 |
NO | 30 | 79 | ||||
CHD | YES | 95 | 44 | 2.64 | <0.001 | 1.59; 4.38 |
NO | 53 | 65 | ||||
NCD | YES | 25 | 9 | 2.25 | 0.043 | 1.02; 4.97 |
NO | 123 | 100 | ||||
Rx-score > 4 | YES | 55 | 39 | 1.06 | 0.746 | 0.63; 1.77 |
NO | 93 | 70 | ||||
SpO2 < 88% | YES | 69 | 49 | 1.10 | 0.703 | 0.67; 1.80 |
NO | 78 | 61 | ||||
BPM > 22 | YES | 46 | 33 | 1.06 | 0.824 | 0.62; 1.81 |
NO | 101 | 77 | ||||
N/Ly > 3 | YES | 83 | 56 | 1.20 | 0.454 | 0.73; 1.98 |
NO | 65 | 53 | ||||
CRP > 10 mg/dL | YES | 34 | 16 | 1.73 | 0.096 | 0.90; 3.31 |
NO | 114 | 93 |
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Popovici, G.-C.; Georgescu, C.-V.; Vasile, M.-C.; Vlase, C.-M.; Arbune, A.-A.; Arbune, M. Obstructive Sleep Apnea after COVID-19: An Observational Study. Life 2024, 14, 1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14081052
Popovici G-C, Georgescu C-V, Vasile M-C, Vlase C-M, Arbune A-A, Arbune M. Obstructive Sleep Apnea after COVID-19: An Observational Study. Life. 2024; 14(8):1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14081052
Chicago/Turabian StylePopovici, George-Cosmin, Costinela-Valerica Georgescu, Mihaela-Camelia Vasile, Constantin-Marinel Vlase, Anca-Adriana Arbune, and Manuela Arbune. 2024. "Obstructive Sleep Apnea after COVID-19: An Observational Study" Life 14, no. 8: 1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14081052