Impact of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Serum Levels and the -675 4G/5G Variant in the SERPINE1 Gene on Systemic Sclerosis in a Mexican Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. DNA Extraction and Genotyping
2.3. Levels of Soluble PAI-1 and Soluble TGF-β (sTGF-β) Isoforms
2.4. Autoantibodies
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Clinical and Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Variant Distribution in SSc Patients and CSs
3.3. Soluble Levels of PAI-1 in SSc Patients and CS
3.4. SERPINE1 Genetic Variant and Clinical Parameters of SSc Patients
3.5. Association of sPAI-1 Levels with Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SSc, n = 56 | CSs, n = 114 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic Data | ||||
Age (years) a | 50 (38–57) | 47 (35–56) | 0.242 | |
Male b Female b | 7 (12) 49 (88) | 10 (9) 104 (91) | 0.413 | |
Type of SSc and Clinical Record | ||||
lcSSc b | 48 (86) | - | ||
dcSSc b | 8 (14) | - | ||
Age of disease onset (years) c | 41 ± 16 | - | ||
Disease evolution (years) a | 7.9 (0.71–20.9) | - | ||
Signs and symptoms (n (%)) | ||||
Active Raynaud’s phenomenon b | 41 (73) | - | ||
Calcinosis b | 4 (7) | |||
Esophageal dysfunction b | 9 (16) | |||
Sclerodactyly b | 52 (93) | - | ||
Telangiectasia b | 33 (59) | - | ||
Digital ulcers b | 24 (43) | - | ||
Puffy fingers b | 39 (70) | - | ||
PAH b | 5 (9) | |||
PID b | 4 (7) | |||
Arthritis b | 49 (88) | - | ||
Clinical evaluation | ||||
Mouth opening (cm) a | 5.4 (3.08–7.00) | - | ||
MRSS score a | 6.4 (0.00–27.7) | - | ||
HAQ-DI, 0–3 score a | 0.40 (0.0–1.3) | - | ||
VAS score a | 29.8 (0.0–78.5) | |||
ANAs b | 43 (77) | 0 (0) | ||
ACAs b | 14 (25) | 0 (0) | ||
Anti-Scl70 b | 4 (7) | 0 (0) | ||
Anti-RNA pol III b | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | ||
Anti-fibrillarin b | 7 (13) | 0 (0) | ||
TGF-β1 a | 7307 (3905–9448) | 24,386 (14,683–24,386) | p < 0.0001 | |
TGF-β2 a | 275.2 (243.7–304.6) | 386.3 (359.1–437.3) | p < 0.0001 | |
TGF-β3 a | 27.25 (18.42–34.27) | 49.86 (42.44–55.37) | p < 0.0001 | |
Treatment (n (%)) | ||||
NSAIDs b | 8 (14) | - | ||
Prednisone b | 20 (36) | - | ||
Methotrexate b | 28 (50) | - | ||
Chloroquine b | 7 (13) | - | ||
No treatment b | 21 (38) | - |
Variant | Allele/Genotype | SSc, n = 56: n (%) | CSs, n = 114: n (%) | OR (CI 95%); p |
---|---|---|---|---|
-675 4G/5G | ||||
Alleles | 4G 5G | 22 (20) 90 (80) | 55 (24) 173 (76) | 1.0 1.3 (0.7–2.2); 0.3 |
Assessed association model | ||||
Codominant | 4G/4G 4G/5G 5G/5G | 2 (4) 18 (32) 36 (64) | 7 (6) 41 (36) 66 (58) | 1.0 1.5 (0.2–8.1); 0.6 0.8 (0.4–1.6); 0.5 |
Dominant | 4G/4G 4G/5G + 5G/5G | 2 (4) 54 (96) | 7 (6) 107 (94) | 1.0 1.9 (0.3–9.6); 0.4 |
Recessive | 4G/4G + 4G/5G 5G/5G | 20 (36) 36 (64) | 48 (42) 66 (58) | 1.0 1.7 (0.3–8.7); 0.4 |
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Lomelí-Nieto, J.A.; Muñoz-Valle, J.F.; Navarro-Zarza, J.E.; Baños-Hernández, C.J.; Gutierrez-Brito, J.A.; Renteria-Cabrera, V.; Horta-Chávez, E.A.; Morales-Núñez, J.J.; García-Arellano, S.; Parra-Rojas, I.; et al. Impact of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Serum Levels and the -675 4G/5G Variant in the SERPINE1 Gene on Systemic Sclerosis in a Mexican Population. Life 2024, 14, 1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091056
Lomelí-Nieto JA, Muñoz-Valle JF, Navarro-Zarza JE, Baños-Hernández CJ, Gutierrez-Brito JA, Renteria-Cabrera V, Horta-Chávez EA, Morales-Núñez JJ, García-Arellano S, Parra-Rojas I, et al. Impact of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Serum Levels and the -675 4G/5G Variant in the SERPINE1 Gene on Systemic Sclerosis in a Mexican Population. Life. 2024; 14(9):1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091056
Chicago/Turabian StyleLomelí-Nieto, José Alvaro, José Francisco Muñoz-Valle, José Eduardo Navarro-Zarza, Christian Johana Baños-Hernández, Jesús Alberto Gutierrez-Brito, Valeria Renteria-Cabrera, Eduardo Arturo Horta-Chávez, José Javier Morales-Núñez, Samuel García-Arellano, Isela Parra-Rojas, and et al. 2024. "Impact of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Serum Levels and the -675 4G/5G Variant in the SERPINE1 Gene on Systemic Sclerosis in a Mexican Population" Life 14, no. 9: 1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091056