Univariate Analysis of Short-Chain Fatty Acids Related to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- (1)
- Case-control study;
- (2)
- Short-chain fatty acids profile for cases and controls;
- (3)
- SIDS related study.
2.1. Data Description
2.2. Data Availability
2.3. Data Preprocessing
2.4. Generalized Linear Model
2.5. Validation
3. Experiments and Results
4. Discussion and Conclusions
- This case-control study was performed using a dataset from the University of Michigan, in the Boston children’s Hospital. From the literature, we are aware that NBS differ methodologically and in the disorders screened worldwide, meaning that this study can not be generalized onto the worldwide population. Several factors must be considered when the results are generalized, among them the profiles of SCFAs that were obtained to perform the data-set, which were postmortem. Thus, it is unknown if the found values fluctuate as the postmortem interval increases, and therefore whether they differ or not from a living subject. It is also recognized that race could also influence these values, since it has been described in various investigations that the prevalence is higher in certain race groups as opposed to the white race. In addition to racial characteristics, environmental influence, population lifestyles, access to health services (prenatal care, childbirth care, well-child care), socioeconomic status, among many other factors that vary according to the population, the territory must also be considered, which can directly and indirectly affect the appearance of SIDS;
- As described in Section 2, this study is comprised of 18 subjects, which is prone to overfitting even when a blind-test approach is performed to validate experimentation. As this is a small number of cases, valuable features for case identification could be excluded. One of them is that most of the study subjects were close to one year of age, so there could be a risk of overfitting and not identifying younger patients, since a higher range of risk has been identified in the literature, which is between the ages of 2 and 8 months, data that varies according to the authors, this age could mark significant differences in SCFAs levels according to weeks of life;
- As presented in Section 3, the SCFAs profile gives us insights to possible SIDS complications, however, we are aware that SIDS is a complex, multifactorial disorder, which can be influenced by other risk factors, it being a disease described as a syndrome and remembering that the concept refers to a set of signs and symptoms that characterize a disease, so the absence or presence of a particular sign or symptom is not decisive for suffering it. However, since several symptoms or signs are present in a patient, they have become relevant for their study. Until now, the most significant factors that describe this pathology have not been identified. Thus, long lists grouped into genetic or inheritance factors, maternal factors, environmental factors, and newborn factors can be found, just to mention some. It has been shown that each of them could intervene in the presentation of SIDS;
- Therefore, other clinical data from patients is not available in this study and can influence the results. Among which stands out the way of obtaining the product of conception, that is, by delivery or cesarean, which when compared will have different types of bacterial colonization, and remember that the production of SCFAs depends largely on the fermentation of food by part of the bacteria in the colon. This is also influenced by the type of feeding, whether exclusively breastfeeding, supplementary, or combinations of both. In the same sequence of ideas, the age of ablation and weaning have an important role in variations in the gut microbiota among newborns.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feature | |
---|---|
1 | Postmortem interval PMI hours |
2 | Gestational age weeks |
3 | Postnatal age weeks |
4 | Isovaleric acid |
5 | Octanoic acid |
6 | Propionic acid |
7 | Isobutyric acid |
8 | Butyric acid |
9 | Hexanoic acid |
10 | Valeric acid |
11 | Acetic acid |
Feature | AUC Value |
---|---|
Isovaleric acid | 0.508 |
Octanoic acid | 0.538 |
Gestational age weeks | 0.592 |
Postmortem interval PMI hours | 0.600 |
Propionic acid | 0.646 |
Isobutyric acid | 0.662 |
Postnatal age weeks | 0.662 |
Butyric acid | 0.723 |
Hexanoic acid | 0.769 |
Valeric acid | 0.815 |
Acetic acid | 0.846 |
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Galván-Tejada, C.E.; Villagrana-Bañuelos, K.E.; Zanella-Calzada, L.A.; Moreno-Báez, A.; Luna-García, H.; Celaya-Padilla, J.M.; Galván-Tejada, J.I.; Gamboa-Rosales, H. Univariate Analysis of Short-Chain Fatty Acids Related to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Diagnostics 2020, 10, 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10110896
Galván-Tejada CE, Villagrana-Bañuelos KE, Zanella-Calzada LA, Moreno-Báez A, Luna-García H, Celaya-Padilla JM, Galván-Tejada JI, Gamboa-Rosales H. Univariate Analysis of Short-Chain Fatty Acids Related to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Diagnostics. 2020; 10(11):896. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10110896
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalván-Tejada, Carlos E., Karen E. Villagrana-Bañuelos, Laura A. Zanella-Calzada, Arturo Moreno-Báez, Huizilopoztli Luna-García, Jose M. Celaya-Padilla, Jorge I. Galván-Tejada, and Hamurabi Gamboa-Rosales. 2020. "Univariate Analysis of Short-Chain Fatty Acids Related to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome" Diagnostics 10, no. 11: 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10110896