Prevalence of Peri-Implant Mucositis, Peri-Implantitis and Associated Risk Indicators of Implants with and without Laser-Microgrooved Collar Surface: A Long-Term (≥20 Years) Retrospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Implants
2.4. Ethical Approval
2.5. Data Collection
- (1)
- Demographic data.
- (2)
- Systemic/patient-related factors (gender, systemic conditions, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, osteoporosis, anemia, hypothyroidism, smoking habits, history of treated periodontitis, and lack of regular peri-implant maintenance (<1 dental maintenance visit per year).
- (3)
- Implant/site/surgical-related factors (implant collar surface [LMGS vs. no-LMGS, location, height, diameter, placement protocol, number of functional years prior to PIM/P, use of grafting materials at the time of implant placement, and presence/absence of a wide band of keratinized mucosa (2 mm or more).
- (4)
- Prosthesis-related factors (type of retention, number of functional years prior to diagnosis, screw loosening, crown chipping, and crown debonding).
2.6. Case Definition
2.7. Power Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. PIM
3.2. P
4. Discussion
- (1)
- the sample coming from a single private clinic.
- (2)
- its retrospective design.
- (3)
- the presence of several variables (some even reported in small numbers).
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Systemic and Patient-Related Factors | N (%) Diagnosed PIM | Relative Risk (95% CI) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 223 (54.1) | 1.28 (0.91, 1.73) | 0.102 |
Female | 189 (45.9) | ||
Presence of diabetes mellitus | |||
Yes | 24 (5.8) | 0.81 (0.51, 1.22) | 0.415 |
No | 388 (89.4) | ||
Presence of dyslipidemia | |||
Yes | 36 (8.6) | 0.88 (0.50, 1.53) | 0.711 |
No | 376 (91.4) | ||
Presence of hypertension | |||
Yes | 28 (6.7) | 1.05 (0.64, 1.72) | 0.983 |
No | 384 (93.3) | ||
Presence of osteoporosis | |||
Yes | 4 (0.9) | 2.91 (0.48, 16.84) | 0.124 |
No | 408 (93.3) | ||
Presence of anemia | |||
Yes | 11 (2.6) | 0.86 (0.33, 2.4) | 0.772 |
No | 401 (97.4) | ||
Presence of hypothyroidism | |||
Yes | 9 (2.1) | 1.16 (0.58, 2.72) | 0.953 |
No | 403 (97.9) | ||
Smoking habits | |||
Smokers | 43 (10.4) | 1.03 (0.63, 1.70) | 0.984 |
Non-smokers | 369 (89.6) | ||
History of treated periodontitis | |||
Yes | 86 (20.8) | 0.87 (0.61, 1.26) | 0.456 |
No | 336 (79.2) | ||
Lack of regular peri-implant maintenance | |||
Yes | 289 (70.1) | 3.14 (1.11, 42.4.3) | 0.01 |
No | 123 (29.9) |
Systemic and Patient-Related Factors | N (%) Diagnosed PIM | Relative Risk (95% CI) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|
Collar | |||
LMCS | 164 (45.6) | 0.95 (0.71, 1.27) | 0.622 |
no LMCSF | 195 (54.4) | ||
Implant height (mm) | |||
<12 | 221 (61.5) | 0.97 (0.72, 1.30) | 0.803 |
≥12 | 138 (38.5) | ||
Implant diameter (mm) | |||
<4.2 | 187 (52) | 0.95 (0.71, 1.27) | 0.722 |
≥4.2 | 172 (48) | ||
Implant location | |||
Anterior maxilla | 68 (18.9) | NA | 0.318 |
Posterior maxilla | 109 (30.3) | ||
Anterior mandible | 50 (13.9) | ||
Posterior mandible | 132 (36.7) | ||
Implant placement protocol [24,25] | |||
Type I | 13 (18.9) | NA | 0.48 |
Type II | 20 (30.3) | ||
Type III | 30 (13.9) | ||
Type IV | 296 (36.73) | ||
Bone augmentation procedure at the time of implant placement | |||
Yes | 108 (30.1) | 1.12 (0.76, 1.65) | 0.552 |
No | 251 (69.9) | ||
Mucosal thickness and amount of attached keratinized mucosa (mm) | |||
≥2 | 148 (41.2) | 1.62 (0.76, 2.05) | 0.671 |
<2 | 203 (58.8) | ||
Type of prosthesis | |||
Single implant crown | 179 (63.5) | 1.26 (0.95, 1.68) | 0.153 |
Multiple-unit implant-prosthesis | 180 (33.5) | ||
Superstructure retention | |||
Screw-retained | 168 (20.8) | 0.93 (0.7, 1.25) | 0.534 |
Cement-retained | 191 (79.2 | ||
Number of functional years prior to diagnosis | |||
<5 years | 172 (47.9) | 0.87 (0.61, 1.26) | 0.456 |
5–10 years | 178 (49.5) | ||
10–15 years | 181 (50.4) | ||
≥15 years | 187 (52.1) | ||
Lack of regular peri-implant maintenance | |||
Yes | 310 (86.3) | 6.14 (1.12, 64.33) | 0.003 |
No | 49 (13.7) | ||
Prosthetic complications | |||
Screw loosening | 23 (6.4) | NA | 0.414 |
Crown chipping | 19 (5.2) | ||
Crown debonding | 33 (9.1) |
Systemic and Patient-Related Factors | N (%) Diagnosed P | Relative Risk (95% CI) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 63 (45) | 0.43 (0.09, 1.99) | 0.312 |
Female | 77 (55) | ||
Presence of diabetes mellitus | |||
Yes | 19 (13.5) | 0.76 (0.17, 3.49) | 0.915 |
No | 121 (86.5) | ||
Presence of dyslipidemia | |||
Yes | 16 (11.4) | 0.78 (0.31, 1.82) | 0.911 |
No | 124 (88.6) | ||
Presence of hypertension | |||
Yes | 21 (15) | 1.32 (0.17, 10.09) | 0.798 |
No | 119 (85) | ||
Presence of osteoporosis | |||
Yes | 5 (3.5) | 0.36 (0.05, 2.50) | 0.924 |
No | 135 (96.5) | ||
Presence of anemia | |||
Yes | 6 (7.1) | 0.20 (0.03, 1.26) | 0.878 |
No | 134 (92.9) | ||
Presence of hypothyroidism | |||
Yes | 4 (2.8) | 0.42 (0.06, 2.93) | 0.222 |
No | 136 (97.2) | ||
Smoking habits | |||
Smokers | 96 (68.5) | 9.24 (2.26, 37.60) | 0.003 |
Non-smokers | 44 (89.6) | ||
History of treated periodontitis | |||
Yes | 94 (67.1) | 7.31 (1.66, 29.47) | 0.008 |
No | 46 (32.9) | ||
Lack of regular peri-implant maintenance | |||
Yes | 112 (80) | 5.51 (1.12, 64.33) | 0.002 |
No | 38 (20) |
Systemic and Patient-Related Factors | N (%) Diagnosed P | Relative Risk (95% CI) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|
Collar | |||
LMCS | 13 (10.3) | 8.36 (1.41, 92.14) | 0.002 |
no LMCSF | 113 (89.7) | ||
Implant height (mm) | |||
<12 | 60 (47.6) | 1.62 (0.54, 4.91) | 0.667 |
≥12 | 66 (52.4) | ||
Implant diameter (mm) | |||
<4.2 | 74(58.7) | 1.39 (0.46, 4.20) | 0.722 |
≥4.2 | 53 (41.3) | ||
Implant location | |||
Anterior maxilla | 20 (15.8) | ||
Posterior maxilla | 44 (34.9) | NA | 0.07 |
Anterior mandible | 20 (15.8) | ||
Posterior mandible | 42 (33.4) | ||
Implant placement protocol [26] | |||
Type I | 3 (2.4) | ||
Type II | 7 (5.5) | NA | 0.806 |
Type III | 20 (15.8) | ||
Type IV | 96 (76.1) | ||
Bone augmentation procedure at the time of implant placement | |||
Yes | 56(44.4) | 1.27 (0.29, 5.65) | 0.752 |
No | 70 (55.6) | ||
Mucosal thickness and amount of attached keratinized mucosa (mm) | |||
≥2 | 54 (42.8) | 5.18 (0.76, 89.05) | 0.451 |
<2 | 72 (57.2) | ||
Type of prosthesis | |||
Single implant crown | 58 (46) | 0.79 (0.22, 2.85 | 0.953 |
Multiple-unit implant- prosthesis | 68 (54) | ||
Superstructure retention | |||
Screw-retained | 49 (38.8) | 2.39 (0.74, 7.78) | 0.154 |
Cement-retained | 77 (61.2) | ||
Number of functional years prior to diagnosis | |||
<5 years | 47 (32.8) | 0.87 (0.61, 1.26) | |
5–10 years | 52 (36.3) | 0.456 | |
10–15 years | 66 (46.1) | ||
≥15 years | 79 (62.9) | ||
Lack of regular peri-implant maintenance | |||
Yes | 98 (77.7) | 6.15 (1.21, 72.12) | 0.002 |
No | 28 (22.3) | ||
Prosthetic complications | |||
Screw loosening | 20 (15.8) | ||
Crown chipping | 24 (19) | NA | 0.762 |
Crown debonding | 31 (24.6) |
Predictor Variable | B Coefficient (SE) | Peri-Implantitis | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
p Value | |||
no LMCS (yes 0, no 1) | 2.61 | 0.005 | 6.42 (1.86, 51.30) |
Smoking habits (yes 0, no 1) | 2.34 | 0.007 | 9.14 (1.86, 51.30) |
History of treated periodontitis (yes 0, no 1) | 1.98 | 0.014 | 7.14 (1.48, 35.52) |
Lack of regular peri-implant maintenance (yes 0, no 1) | 2.44 | 0.026 | 11.33 (1.15, 93.69) |
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Guarnieri, R.; Reda, R.; Di Nardo, D.; Pagnoni, F.; Zanza, A.; Testarelli, L. Prevalence of Peri-Implant Mucositis, Peri-Implantitis and Associated Risk Indicators of Implants with and without Laser-Microgrooved Collar Surface: A Long-Term (≥20 Years) Retrospective Study. J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14, 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14040342
Guarnieri R, Reda R, Di Nardo D, Pagnoni F, Zanza A, Testarelli L. Prevalence of Peri-Implant Mucositis, Peri-Implantitis and Associated Risk Indicators of Implants with and without Laser-Microgrooved Collar Surface: A Long-Term (≥20 Years) Retrospective Study. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2024; 14(4):342. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14040342
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuarnieri, Renzo, Rodolfo Reda, Dario Di Nardo, Francesco Pagnoni, Alessio Zanza, and Luca Testarelli. 2024. "Prevalence of Peri-Implant Mucositis, Peri-Implantitis and Associated Risk Indicators of Implants with and without Laser-Microgrooved Collar Surface: A Long-Term (≥20 Years) Retrospective Study" Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, no. 4: 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14040342